{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:10:48Z","timestamp":1790417448309,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paraprobiotics that benefit human health have the capacity to modulate innate and adaptive immune systems. In this study, we prepared the paraprobiotic from <jats:italic>Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic> GV1 using the heat-killing method and investigated its effects on immunity and gut microbiota <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The morphology of inactivated strain GV1 was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Treatment with GV1 promoted nitric oxide production and augmented cytokine (IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1) expression and secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, the strain GV1 could alleviate cyclophosphamide monohydrate (CTX)-induced immunosuppression by reversing spleen damage and restoring the immune organ index, as well as by increasing the expression of immune-related cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-2) in the spleen and thymus, respectively. Furthermore, GV1 treatment dramatically healed the CTX-damaged colon and regulated gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial families (<jats:italic>Lactobacillaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Akkermansiaceae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Coriobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>) and decreasing that of harmful bacterial families (<jats:italic>Desulfovibrionaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Erysipelotrichaceae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Staphylococcaceae<\/jats:italic>). Thus, the heat-killed GV1 can be considered a potential immunoregulatory agent for use as a functional food or immune-enhancing medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1285063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T09:22:05Z","timestamp":1708593725000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Paraprobiotic derived from Bacillus velezensis GV1 improves immune response and gut microbiota composition in cyclophosphamide-treated immunosuppressed mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hyo-Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"My Thi Hoa","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minh 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