{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:37:48Z","timestamp":1790653068511,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, is a kind of obligate intracellular pathogen. The removal of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> relies primarily on specific cellular immunity. It is currently considered that CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Th1 cytokine responses are the major protective immunity against <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection and reinfection rather than CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells. The non-specific immunity (innate immunity) also plays an important role in the infection process. To survive inside the cells, the first process that <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> faces is the innate immune response. As the \u201csentry\u201d of the body, mast cells attempt to engulf and remove <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>. Dendritic cells present antigen of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> to the \u201ccommanders\u201d (T cells) through MHC-I and MHC-II. IFN-\u03b3 produced by activated T cells and natural killer cells (NK) further activates macrophages. They form the body\u2019s \u201ccombat troops\u201d and produce immunity against <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> in the tissues and blood. In addition, the role of eosinophils, basophils, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), natural killer T (NKT) cells, \u03b3\u03b4T cells and B-1 cells should not be underestimated in the infection of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>. The protective role of innate immunity is insufficient, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infections tend to be insidious and recalcitrant. As a consequence, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> has developed a unique evasion mechanism that triggers inflammatory immunopathology and acts as a bridge to protective to pathological adaptive immunity. This review focuses on the recent advances in how <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> evades various innate immune cells, which contributes to vaccine development and our understanding of the pathophysiologic consequences of <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1289644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T04:34:23Z","timestamp":1706157263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Insights into innate immune cell evasion by Chlamydia 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