{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T18:24:37Z","timestamp":1779301477038,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accumulating evidence shows that dysregulation of intestinal flora is associated with inflammatory skin diseases, specifically atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis (PSO), and rosacea (ROS). However, the causality is still unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To study the underlying causality between gut microbiota (GM) and AD, PSO, and ROS, a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) analysis was conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Summary statistics of gut microbiota, AD, PSO, and ROS were extracted from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). In 2SMR analysis, in addition to the inverse variance weighted as the principal method for evaluating causal association, four different methods were also used. Sensitivity analysis and reverse 2SMR study were implemented to evaluate the robustness of 2SMR results or reverse causal relationship, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 24 specific gut microbiota species related to AD, PSO, and ROS were identified by 2SMR analysis. After using the Bonferroni method for multiple testing correction, family <jats:italic>FamilyXIII<\/jats:italic> (ID: 1957) [OR = 1.28 (1.13, 1.45), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 9.26e\u221205] and genus <jats:italic>Eubacteriumfissicatenagroup<\/jats:italic> (ID: 14373) [OR = 1.20 (1.09, 1.33), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 1.65e\u221204] were associated with an increased risk for AD and PSO, respectively. The genus <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic> showed a negative association, suggesting a protective role against both atopic dermatitis and rosacea. Our reverse 2SMR analysis indicated no reverse causality between these inflammatory skin diseases and the identified gut microbiota.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, this study provided evidence for the causality between GM and inflammatory skin diseases. These findings suggested that supplementing specific bacterial taxa may be an effective therapy for AD, PSO, and ROS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1297240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T04:48:33Z","timestamp":1706849313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The associations between gut microbiota and inflammatory skin diseases: a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization 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