{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:01:04Z","timestamp":1793394064842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":215,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding the immune response to\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and identifying biomarkers that correlate with protection are crucial for developing effective vaccines. One intriguing aspect of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection is the persistence of parasites, even after apparent lesion healing. Various host cells, including dendritic cells, fibroblasts, and Langerhans cells, may serve as safe sites for latent infection. Memory T cells, especially tissue-resident memory T cells (T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), play a crucial role in concomitant immunity against cutaneous\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. These T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells are long-lasting and can protect against reinfection in the absence of persistent parasites. CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells, in particular, have been implicated in protection against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. These cells are characterized by their ability to reside in the skin and rapidly respond to secondary infections by producing cytokines such as IFN-\u03b3, which activates macrophages to kill parasites. The induction of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells has shown promise in experimental immunization, leading to protection against\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    challenge infections. Identifying biomarkers of protection is a critical step in vaccine development and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells hold potential as biomarkers, as their presence and functions may correlate with protection. While recent studies have shown that\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    -specific memory CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cell subsets are present in individuals with a history of cutaneous leishmaniasis, further studies are needed to characterize CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cell populations. Overall, this review highlights the importance of memory T cells, particularly skin-resident CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells, as promising targets for developing effective vaccines against leishmaniasis and as biomarkers of immune protection to assess the efficacy of candidate vaccines against human leishmaniasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1304696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T23:51:36Z","timestamp":1708905096000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Memory T cells: promising biomarkers for evaluating protection and vaccine efficacy against leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Nateghi-Rostami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Sohrabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006052","article-title":"Drug resistance and treatment failure in leishmaniasis: A 21st century challenge","volume":"11","author":"Ponte-Sucre","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1990043","article-title":"Overcoming roadblocks in the development of vaccines for leishmaniasis","volume":"20","author":"Kaye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-021-00703-8","article-title":"Potential biomarkers of immune protection in human leishmaniasis","volume":"210","author":"Rostami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri933","article-title":"The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice","volume":"2","author":"Sacks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2014.945415","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccines for leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Khamesipour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1459191","article-title":"Vaccine candidates against leishmania under current research","volume":"17","author":"Iborra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2022.60.6.379","article-title":"Leishmania vaccines: the current situation with its promising aspect for the future","volume":"60","author":"Dinc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.52547\/ibj.26.1.35","article-title":"Vaccination in leishmaniasis: A review article","volume":"26","author":"Abdellahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iranian Biomed J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.01.057","article-title":"Vaccine value profile for leishmaniasis","author":"Kaye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.03.020","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of ChAd63-KH vaccine in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis patients in Sudan","volume":"29","author":"Younis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol therapy: J Am Soc Gene Ther"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres","article-title":"LEISH2b - A phase 2b study to assess the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the Leishmania vaccine ChAd63-KH in post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Lacey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111259","article-title":"Leishmaniasis vaccines: applications of RNA technology and targeted clinical trial designs","volume":"11","author":"Duthie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2015.6","article-title":"From mouse to man: safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of a candidate leishmaniasis vaccine LEISH-F3+GLA-SE","volume":"4","author":"Coler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Trans Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9051101","article-title":"A systematic review (1990-2021) of wild animals infected with zoonotic leishmania","volume":"9","author":"Azami-Conesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.08.020","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"165","author":"Shokri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1170","article-title":"Socioeconomic status of guardians as a risk factor for canine visceral leishmaniasis: A cohort study in an endemic area of the federal district, Brazil","volume":"108","author":"Marcolino Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13382","article-title":"Commercially approved vaccines for canine leishmaniosis: a review of available data on their safety and efficacy","volume":"25","author":"Velez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health: TM IH"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000100001","article-title":"Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology","volume":"56","author":"Lor\u00eda-Cervera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev do Instituto Medicina Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"General properties of armed effector T cells","volume-title":"Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease","author":"Janeway","year":"2001"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.72","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: immune responses in protection and pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.2010.32.issue-2","article-title":"Differential in vitro CD4+\/CD8+ T-cell response to live vs. killed Leishmania major","volume":"32","author":"Nateghi Rostami","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00185.x","article-title":"Re-examination of the immunosuppressive mechanisms mediating non-cure of Leishmania infection in mice","volume":"201","author":"Sacks","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2005.01.009","article-title":"T helper (h)1\/Th2 and Leishmania: paradox rather than paradigm","volume":"99","author":"Alexander","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01437","article-title":"The equivocal role of th17 cells and neutrophils on immunopathogenesis of leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Gon\u00e7alves-de-Albuquerque","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2021.152148","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of Th17 pathway in experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"226","author":"Khatonier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0713598","article-title":"IL-17 promotes progression of cutaneous leishmaniasis in susceptible mice","volume":"182","author":"Lopez Kostka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003243","article-title":"IL-17 mediates immunopathology in the absence of IL-10 following Leishmania major infection","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez-Lombana","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38813","article-title":"IL-17 and IL-22 are associated with protection against human kala azar caused by Leishmania donovani","volume":"119","author":"Pitta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12305","article-title":"Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and its soluble receptor type 1 (sTNFR I) in human active and healed leishmaniases","volume":"38","author":"Nateghi Rostami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B31","article-title":"Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), TNF-\u03b1 soluble receptor type 1 (sTNFR I) and IL-22 in human leishmaniasis","volume":"32","author":"Nateghi Rostami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21755","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002356RR","article-title":"Effector functions of Th17 cells are regulated by IL-35 and TGF-\u03b2 in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"35","author":"Asad","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1994.tb06043.x","article-title":"Dichotomy of the human T cell response to Leishmania antigens. I. Th1-like response to Leishmania major promastigote antigens in individuals recovered from cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"96","author":"Kemp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00393","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional profiles of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells associated with infection control in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Egui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.05.010","article-title":"Immune response to Leishmania antigen in anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"59","author":"Ajdary","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/506624","article-title":"Interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and IFN-gamma receptor 1 are the major immunological determinants associated with post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"194","author":"Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.008","article-title":"Host\u2019s immune response in unresponsive and responsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by meglumine antimoniate: A case-control study of Th1 and Th2 pathways","volume":"69","author":"Bamorovat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90344-X","article-title":"Interleukin-13 in Iranian patients with visceral leishmaniasis: relationship to other Th2 and Th1 cytokines","volume":"95","author":"Babaloo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.3.1069-1073.1993","article-title":"Leishmania donovani-reactive Th1- and Th2-like T-cell clones from individuals who have recovered from visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"61","author":"Kemp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00668.x","article-title":"Cross-talk between CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: CD8(+) T cells are required for optimal IFN-gamma production by CD4(+) T cells","volume":"25","author":"Herath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.9.3730-3738.1993","article-title":"Gamma interferon response in secondary Leishmania major infection: role of CD8+ T cells","volume":"61","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040172","article-title":"Low dose Leishmania major promotes a transient T helper cell type 2 response that is down-regulated by interferon gamma-producing CD8+ T cells","volume":"199","author":"Uzonna","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000845","article-title":"CD8+ T cells as a source of IFN-\u03b3 production in human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Nateghi Rostami","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.02.006","article-title":"Phenotyping of circulating CD8+ T cell subsets in human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Khamesipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01125.x","article-title":"Recruitment of CD8(+) T cells expressing granzyme A is associated with lesion progression in human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"31","author":"Faria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/eobt.3.6.875.21257","article-title":"The role of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in Leishmania infection","volume":"3","author":"Belkaid","year":"2003","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the pathogenesis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"Nyl\u00e9n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.10.1497","article-title":"The role of interleukin (IL)-10 in the persistence of Leishmania major in the skin after healing and the therapeutic potential of anti-IL-10 receptor antibody for sterile cure","volume":"194","author":"Belkaid","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01152","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control Leishmania major persistence and immunity","volume":"420","author":"Belkaid","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20060956","article-title":"CCR5-dependent homing of naturally occurring CD4+ regulatory T cells to sites of Leishmania major infection favors pathogen persistence","volume":"203","author":"Yurchenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.07.001","article-title":"Identification of regulatory T cells during experimental Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"214","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107789","article-title":"CXCL10 treatment promotes reduction of IL-10(+) regulatory T (Foxp3(+) and Tr1) cells in the spleen of BALB\/c mice infected by Leishmania infantum","volume":"207","author":"Eufr\u00e1sio de Figueiredo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0624","article-title":"Regulatory T-Cell Dynamics in Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania Braziliensis","volume":"98","author":"Barros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med hygiene"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.12.016","article-title":"The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"66","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.12.7853-7859.2005","article-title":"Decreased in situ expression of interleukin-10 receptor is correlated with the exacerbated inflammatory and cytotoxic responses observed in mucosal leishmaniasis","volume":"73","author":"Faria","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502980","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ T cells in skin lesions of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis exhibit phenotypic and functional characteristics of natural regulatory T cells","volume":"193","author":"Campanelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001627","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis and healing of chronic human dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) species","volume":"6","author":"Rodriguez-Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2014.08.204","article-title":"FOXP3 expression and frequency of regulatory T cells in healed individuals from Leishmania major infection and the asymptomatic cases","volume":"75","author":"Bahrami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031551","article-title":"Regulatory T cells suppress T cell activation at the pathologic site of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061141","article-title":"Splenic accumulation of IL-10 mRNA in T cells distinct from CD4+CD25+ (Foxp3) regulatory T cells in human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"204","author":"Nyl\u00e9n","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004422","article-title":"Induction of IL-10 and TGF\u03b2 from CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells correlates with parasite load in Indian kala-azar patients infected with leishmania donovani","volume":"10","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/599380","article-title":"Interleukin 17 production among patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"200","author":"Bacellar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200940115","article-title":"Human mucosal leishmaniasis: neutrophils infiltrate areas of tissue damage that express high levels of Th17-related cytokines","volume":"40","author":"Boaventura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142101","article-title":"Skin-resident memory CD4+ T cells enhance protection against Leishmania major infection","volume":"212","author":"Glennie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006349","article-title":"Skin-resident CD4+ T cells protect against Leishmania major by recruiting and activating inflammatory monocytes","volume":"13","author":"Glennie","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17154-z","article-title":"A second generation leishmanization vaccine with a markerless attenuated Leishmania major strain using CRISPR gene editing","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.864031","article-title":"Leishmania major centrin gene-deleted parasites generate skin resident memory T-cell immune response analogous to leishmanization","volume":"13","author":"Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2016.08.009","article-title":"Leishmania infantum antigens modulate memory cell subsets of liver resident T lymphocyte","volume":"222","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000483","article-title":"The early generation of a heterogeneous CD4+ T cell response to Leishmania major","volume":"185","author":"Colpitts","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1108","article-title":"Central memory T cells mediate long-term immunity to Leishmania major in the absence of persistent parasites","volume":"10","author":"Zaph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01788","article-title":"Immunization with live attenuated leishmania donovani centrin(-\/-) parasites is efficacious in asymptomatic infection","volume":"8","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34333-2","article-title":"Deletion of MIF gene from live attenuated LdCen(-\/-) parasites enhances protective CD4(+) T cell immunity","volume":"13","author":"Fiuza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/44385","article-title":"Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing potentials and effector functions","volume":"401","author":"Sallusto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9788-7","article-title":"CCR7+ central and CCR7- effector memory CD4+ T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"33","author":"Keshavarz Valian","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010158","article-title":"Central and Effector Memory Human CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells during Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and after In Vitro Stimulation with Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis Epitopes","volume":"11","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12798","article-title":"Effector memory CD4(+) T cells differentially express activation associated molecules depending on the duration of American cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions","volume":"185","author":"de Oliveira Mendes-Aguiar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0747","article-title":"CD45RO+ T Cells and T Cell Activation in the Long-Lasting Immunity after Leishmania infantum Infection","volume":"98","author":"Rodrigues-Neto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med hygiene"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.773983","article-title":"Multifunctional, TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3-secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells and CD8(High) T cells are associated with the cure of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.2.293-305.2005","article-title":"Subversion mechanisms by which Leishmania parasites can escape the host immune response: a signaling point of view","volume":"18","author":"Olivier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.669","article-title":"Macrophage killing of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes requires both nitric oxide and superoxide","volume":"76","author":"Mukbel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med hygiene"},{"key":"B81","article-title":"Optimization of the timing of induction for the assessment of nitric oxide production in leishmania major infected macrophage cells","volume":"11","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iranian J Parasitol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.011","article-title":"Leishmania-macrophage interactions: insights into the redox biology","volume":"51","author":"Van Assche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s102380200017","article-title":"Macrophage chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha induce nitric oxide release and enhance parasite killing in Leishmania infantum-infected human macrophages","volume":"2","author":"Brandonisio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra58","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2000213","article-title":"Leishmania GP63 alters host signaling through cleavage-activated protein tyrosine phosphatases","volume":"2","author":"Gomez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00072","article-title":"Impact of Leishmania metalloprotease GP63 on macrophage signaling","volume":"2","author":"Isnard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/embj.1991.10.issue-13","article-title":"Leishmanial protein kinases phosphorylate components of the complement system","volume":"10","author":"Hermoso","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002229","article-title":"Restoration of IFN\u03b3R subunit assembly, IFN\u03b3 signaling and parasite clearance in Leishmania donovani infected macrophages: role of membrane cholesterol","volume":"7","author":"Sen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1499-1507.2001","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of interleukin-10 in visceral leishmaniasis: defective activation of protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction events","volume":"69","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636089","article-title":"Phagocytosis of Leishmania donovani amastigotes is Rac1 dependent and occurs in the absence of NADPH oxidase activation","volume":"36","author":"Lodge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1521-4141","article-title":"Leishmania-induced increases in activation of macrophage SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase are associated with impaired IFN-gamma-triggered JAK2 activation","volume":"29","author":"Blanchette","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004570","article-title":"Down-regulation of TLR and JAK\/STAT pathway genes is associated with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: A gene expression analysis in NK cells from patients infected with leishmania mexicana","volume":"10","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Figueroa","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1007070","article-title":"Leishmania kinetoplast DNA contributes to parasite burden in infected macrophages: Critical role of the cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling pathway in macrophage parasitemia","volume":"13","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005713","article-title":"Clinical and parasitological factors in parasite persistence after treatment and clinical cure of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Valencia","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000819","article-title":"Viability and burden of Leishmania in extralesional sites during human dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"4","author":"Romero","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250310","article-title":"Dendritic cells in Leishmania major-immune mice harbor persistent parasites and mediate an antigen-specific T cell immune response","volume":"25","author":"Moll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.2.418","article-title":"Parasitism of epidermal Langerhans cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis with Leishmania major","volume":"167","author":"Blank","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.12.2121","article-title":"Fibroblasts as host cells in latent leishmaniosis","volume":"191","author":"Bogdan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090110-102913","article-title":"Metabolic pathways required for the intracellular survival of Leishmania","volume":"65","author":"McConville","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040298","article-title":"Role for CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells in reactivation of persistent leishmaniasis and control of concomitant immunity","volume":"200","author":"Mendez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061886","article-title":"CD4(+)CD25(-)Foxp3(-) Th1 cells are the source of IL-10-mediated immune suppression in chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"204","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12801","article-title":"In situ study of cellular immune response in human cutaneous lesions caused by Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in Panama","volume":"43","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155321","article-title":"The importance of T cell-derived cytokines in post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"147","author":"Jafarzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00153","article-title":"The contribution of immune evasive mechanisms to parasite persistence in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"de Freitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060610","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and the skin: dermal parasite transmission to sand flies","volume":"11","author":"Arumugam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw022","article-title":"New Insights Into the Transmissibility of Leishmania infantum From Dogs to Sand Flies: Experimental Vector-Transmission Reveals Persistent Parasite Depots at Bite Sites","volume":"213","author":"Aslan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8010018","article-title":"Characterization of regulatory T cells in patients infected by leishmania infantum","volume":"8","author":"Peixoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13074","article-title":"T cell suppression in the bone marrow of visceral leishmaniasis patients: impact of parasite load","volume":"191","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1998.00468.x","article-title":"High levels of plasma IL-10 and expression of IL-10 by keratinocytes during visceral leishmaniasis predict subsequent development of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis","volume":"111","author":"Gasim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00375","article-title":"Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow T lymphocytes during canine leishmaniosis and the impact of antileishmanial chemotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619265114","article-title":"Continual renewal and replication of persistent Leishmania major parasites in concomitantly immune hosts","volume":"114","author":"Mandell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004538","article-title":"Chronic parasitic infection maintains high frequencies of short-lived Ly6C+CD4+ effector T cells that are required for protection against re-infection","volume":"10","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.12.6967","article-title":"Immune elimination of Leishmania major in mice: implications for immune memory, vaccination, and reactivation disease","volume":"167","author":"Uzonna","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038059","article-title":"Long-lived skin-resident memory T cells contribute to concomitant immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(02)00039-9","article-title":"IL-10 leads to a higher parasite persistence in a resistant mouse model of Leishmania major infection","volume":"51","author":"Viana da Costa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-008-8016-2","article-title":"Persistent parasites and immunologic memory in cutaneous leishmaniasis: implications for vaccine designs and vaccination strategies","volume":"41","author":"Okwor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunologic Res"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009944","article-title":"Protective CD4+ Th1 cell-mediated immunity is reliant upon execution of effector function prior to the establishment of the pathogen niche","volume":"17","author":"Hohman","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.835711","article-title":"Lymphocyte exhaustion during human and experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"13","author":"Costa-Madeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1231836","article-title":"CXCR5 and TIM-3 expressions define distinct exhausted T cell subsets in experimental cutaneous infection with Leishmania mexicana","volume":"14","author":"Diupotex","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01447.x","article-title":"Qualitative differences between na\u00efve and memory T cells","volume":"106","author":"Berard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2004.08.010","article-title":"CD4 T-cell memory","volume":"16","author":"Stockinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702","article-title":"Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance","volume":"22","author":"Sallusto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni832","article-title":"Distinct lineages of T(H)1 cells have differential capacities for memory cell generation in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/87720","article-title":"Memory CD8+ T cell differentiation: initial antigen encounter triggers a developmental program in na\u00efve cells","volume":"2","author":"Kaech","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35065111","article-title":"Visualizing the generation of memory CD4 T cells in the whole body","volume":"410","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni889","article-title":"Lineage relationship and protective immunity of memory CD8 T cell subsets","volume":"4","author":"Wherry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxn075","article-title":"Phenotypic classification of human CD4+ T cell subsets and their differentiation","volume":"20","author":"Okada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407192101","article-title":"Antigen-independent memory CD8 T cells do not develop during chronic viral infection","volume":"101","author":"Wherry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni969","article-title":"Similarities and differences in CD4+ and CD8+ effector and memory T cell generation","volume":"4","author":"Seder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.1037","article-title":"Functional heterogeneity of memory CD4 T cell responses in different conditions of antigen exposure and persistence","volume":"174","author":"Harari","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60623-9","article-title":"Leukocyte migration and adhesion","volume":"58","author":"Imhof","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01510-4","article-title":"CD4(+) T cell memory","volume":"24","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6040084","article-title":"T cell memory to vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Todryk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2009.02.005","article-title":"Memory T cells need CD28 costimulation to remember","volume":"21","author":"Boesteanu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01974.x","article-title":"CD27- CD4+ memory T cells define a differentiated memory population at both the functional and transcriptional levels","volume":"113","author":"Schi\u00f6tt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00198.x","article-title":"The development of effector and memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis: the implications for vaccine development","volume":"201","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.22.10267","article-title":"Development of a safe live Leishmania vaccine line by gene replacement","volume":"92","author":"Titus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00626.x","article-title":"Immunologic memory in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040774","article-title":"Chemokine receptor expression identifies Pre-T helper (Th)1, Pre-Th2, and nonpolarized cells among human CD4+ central memory T cells","volume":"200","author":"Rivino","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3793","article-title":"Vaccination with phosphoglycan-deficient Leishmania major protects highly susceptible mice from virulent challenge without inducing a strong Th1 response","volume":"172","author":"Uzonna","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri778","article-title":"Effector and memory T-cell differentiation: implications for vaccine development","volume":"2","author":"Kaech","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081529","article-title":"Leishmania Braziliensis-reactive T cells are down-regulated in long-term cured cutaneous Leishmaniasis, but the renewal capacity of T effector memory compartments is preserved","volume":"8","author":"Pereira-Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12803","article-title":"Skin-resident memory T cells as a potential new therapeutic target in vitiligo and melanoma","volume":"32","author":"Willemsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pigment Cell melanoma Res"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.03.014","article-title":"Pathogenic role of tissue-resident memory T cells in autoimmune diseases","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0291-4","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells and their biological characteristics in the recurrence of inflammatory skin disorders","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269rv1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010641","article-title":"Resident memory T cells in human health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Trans Med"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.02.010","article-title":"Understanding subset diversity in T cell memory","volume":"48","author":"Jameson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aas9673","article-title":"Location, location, location: Tissue resident memory T cells in mice and humans","volume":"4","author":"Szabo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad2035","article-title":"Hobit and Blimp1 instruct a universal transcriptional program of tissue residency in lymphocytes","volume":"352","author":"Mackay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.078","article-title":"Human tissue-resident memory T cells are defined by core transcriptional and functional signatures in lymphoid and mucosal sites","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24993","article-title":"Runx3 programs CD8(+) T cell residency in non-lymphoid tissues and tumours","volume":"552","author":"Milner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10851","article-title":"Skin infection generates non-migratory memory CD8+ T(RM) cells providing global skin immunity","volume":"483","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04882","article-title":"Kruppel-like factor 2 regulates thymocyte and T-cell migration","volume":"442","author":"Carlson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04606","article-title":"CD69 acts downstream of interferon-alpha\/beta to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs","volume":"440","author":"Shiow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402256","article-title":"Cutting edge: CD69 interference with sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor function regulates peripheral T cell retention","volume":"194","author":"Mackay","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.020","article-title":"Distribution and compartmentalization of human circulating and tissue-resident memory T cell subsets","volume":"38","author":"Sathaliyawala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10339","article-title":"Different patterns of peripheral migration by memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells","volume":"477","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2744","article-title":"The developmental pathway for CD103(+)CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells of skin","volume":"14","author":"Mackay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.10.026","article-title":"Spatial map of human T cell compartmentalization and maintenance over decades of life","volume":"159","author":"Thome","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279ra39","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010302","article-title":"Human skin is protected by four functionally and phenotypically discrete populations of resident and recirculating memory T cells","volume":"7","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Trans Med"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160938","article-title":"Specific niches for lung-resident memory CD8+ T cells at the site of tissue regeneration enable CD69-independent maintenance","volume":"213","author":"Takamura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257530","article-title":"T cell memory. A local macrophage chemokine network sustains protective tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells","volume":"346","author":"Iijima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci (New York NY)"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.101","article-title":"IL-15 supports the generation of protective lung-resident memory CD4 T cells","volume":"11","author":"Strutt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11514","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11514","article-title":"Skin CD4(+) memory T cells exhibit combined cluster-mediated retention and equilibration with the circulation","volume":"7","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701377","article-title":"CCR8 expression defines tissue-resident memory T cells in human skin","volume":"200","author":"McCully","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4431","article-title":"The vast majority of CLA+ T cells are resident in normal skin","volume":"176","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.11.011","article-title":"Control of memory CD8(+) T cell longevity and effector functions by IL-15","volume":"117","author":"Nolz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104155","article-title":"IL-7 receptor alpha defines heterogeneity and signature of human effector memory CD8(+) T cells in high dimensional analysis","volume":"355","author":"Shin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.11.008","article-title":"T-box transcription factors combine with the cytokines TGF-\u03b2 and IL-15 to control tissue-resident memory T cell fate","volume":"43","author":"Mackay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3962","article-title":"Hair follicle-derived IL-7 and IL-15 mediate skin-resident memory T cell homeostasis and lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Adachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101751","article-title":"Platelet activation attracts a subpopulation of effector monocytes to sites of Leishmania major infection","volume":"208","author":"Goncalves","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006479","article-title":"Divergent roles for Ly6C+CCR2+CX3CR1+ inflammatory monocytes during primary or secondary infection of the skin with the intra-phagosomal pathogen Leishmania major","volume":"13","author":"Romano","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/jad.v15i1.6491","article-title":"Immune Responses in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: In vitro Thelper1\/Thelper2 Cytokine Profiles Using Live Versus Killed Leishmania major","volume":"15","author":"Miramin-Mohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Arthropod-borne Dis"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00222","article-title":"Biomarkers of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Bahrami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240530409","article-title":"Cytokines in the differentiation of Th1\/Th2 CD4+ subsets in leishmaniasis","volume":"53","author":"Reiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B175","article-title":"[Differences in the sensitivity of inbred mice of different lines to Leishmania tropica major]","volume":"42","author":"Kellina","year":"1973","journal-title":"Meditsinskaia parazitologiia i parazitarnye bolezni"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1981.47","article-title":"Resistance and abrogation of resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis in reconstituted BALB\/c nude mice","volume":"59","author":"Mitchell","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.59","article-title":"Reciprocal expression of interferon gamma or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets","volume":"169","author":"Heinzel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.7.2348","article-title":"Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins","volume":"136","author":"Mosmann","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.11.3688","article-title":"Two types of murine helper T cell clone. II. Delayed-type hypersensitivity is mediated by TH1 clones","volume":"138","author":"Cher","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(91)90007-6","article-title":"Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ subsets during murine Leishmania major infection","volume":"142","author":"Locksley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res Immunol"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2494(91)90009-8","article-title":"Leishmania major infection in mice: a model system for the study of CD4+ T-cell subset differentiation","volume":"142","author":"Coffman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res Immunol"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.2.655","article-title":"Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: resistance correlates with the capacity to generate interferon-gamma in response to Leishmania antigens in vitro","volume":"136","author":"Sadick","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md: 1950)"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12841","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12841","article-title":"Differential inflammatory responses associated with Leishmania major and L tropica in culture","volume":"43","author":"Darzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.06.003","article-title":"Inbred mouse strains differentially susceptible to Leishmania donovani infection differ in their immune cell metabolism","volume":"112","author":"Bodhale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1984.11811769","article-title":"Inbred mice as model hosts for cutaneous leishmaniasis. I. Resistance and susceptibility to infection with Leishmania Braziliensis, L. mexicana and L. aethiopica","volume":"78","author":"Childs","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.9.3655-3662.1994","article-title":"Site-specific immunity to Leishmania major in SWR mice: the site of infection influences susceptibility and expression of the antileishmanial immune response","volume":"62","author":"Nabors","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.12.6830-6834.2003","article-title":"The site of Leishmania major infection determines disease severity and immune responses","volume":"71","author":"Baldwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01520","article-title":"Fatal leishmaniasis in the absence of TNF despite a strong th1 response","volume":"6","author":"Fromm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B189","article-title":"Immunobiology of leishmaniasis","volume":"47","author":"Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0104","article-title":"Variation of cytokine patterns related to therapeutic response in diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Bomfim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.522","article-title":"Circulating T helper 1 (Th1) cell- and Th2 cell-associated cytokines in Indian patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"56","author":"Sundar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med hygiene"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2009.01.007","article-title":"Th1\/Th2 immune responses are associated with active cutaneous leishmaniasis and clinical cure is associated with strong interferon-gamma production","volume":"70","author":"Castellano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2014.00165","article-title":"The role of CD4 and CD8\u2009T cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"da Silva Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20092532","article-title":"IL-10 production differentially influences the magnitude, quality, and protective capacity of Th1 responses depending on the vaccine platform","volume":"207","author":"Darrah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2007.03436.x","article-title":"Can interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 balance be associated with severity of human Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis infection","volume":"149","author":"Gomes-Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02768.x","article-title":"Dichotomy of protective cellular immune responses to human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"140","author":"Khalil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00381","article-title":"Cellular markers of active disease and cure in different forms of leishmania infantum-induced disease","volume":"8","author":"Botana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010107","article-title":"Quantification of parasite load in clinical samples of leishmaniasis patients: IL-10 level correlates with parasite load in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"Verma","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.07.001","article-title":"The impact of IL-10 dynamic modulation on host immune response against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"112","author":"Mesquita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0479","article-title":"Assessment of interferon-\u03b3 levels and leishmanin skin test results in persons recovered for leishmaniasis","volume":"87","author":"Alimohammadian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med hygiene"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040431","article-title":"The history of live attenuated centrin gene-deleted leishmania vaccine candidates","volume":"11","author":"Volpedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00449-1","article-title":"Centrin-deficient Leishmania mexicana confers protection against New World cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Volpedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00574-x","article-title":"Centrin-deficient Leishmania mexicana confers protection against Old World visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"Karmakar","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abf9393","article-title":"Two sides of the same coin: Protective versus pathogenic CD4(+) resident memory T cells","volume":"7","author":"Oja","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01574","article-title":"A systematic review: the role of resident memory T cells in infectious diseases and their relevance for vaccine development","volume":"9","author":"Muruganandah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.11.004","article-title":"You shall not pass: memory CD8 T cells in liver-stage malaria","volume":"36","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1116299","article-title":"Induction of liver-resident memory T cells and protection at liver-stage malaria by mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Nakamae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.08.011","article-title":"Liver-resident memory CD8(+) T cells form a front-line defense against malaria liver-stage infection","volume":"45","author":"Fernandez-Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/339409","article-title":"Protection of humans against malaria by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites","volume":"185","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00335","article-title":"CD103(+) CD8 T cells in the toxoplasma-infected brain exhibit a tissue-resident memory transcriptional profile","volume":"8","author":"Landrith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009764","article-title":"Role of T cells during the cerebral infection with Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"15","author":"Olivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00227-19","article-title":"Intradermal Synthetic DNA Vaccination Generates Leishmania-Specific T Cells in the Skin and Protection against Leishmania major","volume":"87","author":"Louis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/4000","article-title":"Vaccine requirements for sustained cellular immunity to an intracellular parasitic infection","volume":"4","author":"Gurunathan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1969231","article-title":"From infection to vaccination: reviewing the global burden, history of vaccine development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection","volume":"20","author":"Volpedo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1216402","article-title":"Pivotal role of tissue-resident memory lymphocytes in the control of mucosal infections: can mucosal vaccination induce protective tissue-resident memory T and B cells","volume":"14","author":"Longet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1304696\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,25]],"date-time":"2024-02-25T23:51:42Z","timestamp":1708905102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1304696\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"references-count":215,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1304696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1304696","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"article-number":"1304696"}}