{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:09:02Z","timestamp":1790712542477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82001740"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001740"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psoriasis is a highly heterogeneous autoinflammatory disease. At present, heterogeneity in disease has not been adequately translated into concrete treatment options. Our aim was to develop and verify a new stratification scheme that identifies the heterogeneity of psoriasis by the integration of large-scale transcriptomic profiles, thereby identifying patient subtypes and providing personalized treatment options whenever possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed functional enrichment and network analysis of upregulated differentially expressed genes using microarray datasets of lesional and non-lesional skin samples from 250 psoriatic patients. Unsupervised clustering methods were used to identify the skin subtypes. Finally, an Xgboost classifier was utilized to predict the effects of methotrexate and commonly prescribed biologics on skin subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the 163 upregulated differentially expressed genes, psoriasis patients were categorized into three subtypes (subtypes A\u2013C). Immune cells and proinflammatory-related pathways were markedly activated in subtype A, named immune activation. Contrastingly, subtype C, named stroma proliferation, was enriched in integrated stroma cells and tissue proliferation-related signaling pathways. Subtype B was modestly activated in all the signaling pathways. Notably, subtypes A and B presented good responses to methotrexate and interleukin-12\/23 inhibitors (ustekinumab) but inadequate responses to tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitors and interleukin-17A receptor inhibitors. Contrastly, subtype C exhibited excellent responses to tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibitors (etanercept) and interleukin-17A receptor inhibitors (brodalumab) but not methotrexate and interleukin-12\/23 inhibitors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psoriasis patients can be assorted into three subtypes with different molecular and cellular characteristics based on the heterogeneity of the skin's immune cells and the stroma, determining the clinical responses of conventional therapies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1326502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T04:41:24Z","timestamp":1709268084000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Deep analysis of skin molecular heterogeneities and their significance on the precise treatment of patients with 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