{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:30:05Z","timestamp":1774542605415,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conventional foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines have been developed to enhance their effectiveness; however, several drawbacks remain, such as slow induction of antibody titers, short-lived immune response, and local side effects at the vaccination site. Therefore, we created a novel FMD vaccine that simultaneously induces cellular and humoral immune responses using the Dectin-2 agonist, D-galacto-D-mannan, as an adjuvant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the innate and adaptive (cellular and humoral) immune responses elicited by the novel FMD vaccine and elucidated the signaling pathway involved both <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> using mice and pigs, as well as immune cells derived from these animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>D-galacto-D-mannan elicited early, mid-, and long-term immunity <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> simultaneous induction of cellular and humoral immune responses by promoting the expression of immunoregulatory molecules. D-galacto-D-mannan also enhanced the immune response and coordinated vaccine-mediated immune response by suppressing genes associated with excessive inflammatory responses, such as nuclear factor kappa B, <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> Sirtuin 1 expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings elucidated the immunological mechanisms induced by D-galacto-D-mannan, suggesting a background for the robust cellular and humoral immune responses induced by FMD vaccines containing D-galacto-D-mannan. Our study will help to facilitate the improvement of conventional FMD vaccines and the design of next-generation FMD vaccines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1330677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T04:31:34Z","timestamp":1708057894000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["D-galacto-D-mannan-mediated Dectin-2 activation orchestrates potent cellular and humoral immunity as a viral vaccine adjuvant"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hyeong Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mi-Kyeong","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So 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