{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T23:31:03Z","timestamp":1789687863904,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1160379"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1160379"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a Gram-positive pathogen that causes a significant global burden of skin pyoderma and pharyngitis. In some cases, infection can lead to severe invasive streptococcal diseases. Previous studies have shown that IL-17 deficiency in mice (IL-17\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) can reduce\n                      <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      clearance from the mucosal surfaces. However, the effect of IL-17 on the development of severe invasive streptococcal disease has not yet been assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we modeled single or repeated non-lethal intranasal (IN)\n                      <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      M1 strain infections in immunocompetent and IL-17\n                      <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                      mice to assess bacterial colonization following a final IN or skin challenge.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Immunocompetent mice that received a single\n                      <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection showed long-lasting immunity to subsequent IN infection, and no bacteria were detected in the lymph nodes or spleens. However, in the absence of IL-17, a single IN infection resulted in dissemination of\n                      <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      to the lymphoid organs, which was accentuated by repeated IN infections. In contrast to what was observed in the respiratory mucosa, skin immunity did not correlate with the systemic levels of IL-17. Instead, it was found to be associated with the activation of germinal center responses and accumulation of neutrophils in the spleen.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results demonstrated that IL-17 plays a critical role in preventing invasive disease following\n                      <jats:italic>S. pyogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection of the respiratory tract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1351777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:38:30Z","timestamp":1710981510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Disruption of IL-17-mediated immunosurveillance in the respiratory mucosa results in invasive Streptococcus pyogenes 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