{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:24:56Z","timestamp":1788225896440,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we investigated how <jats:italic>Radix pseudostellariae<\/jats:italic> polysaccharide (RPP) enhances the immune response of the inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine through interactions with the microbiome and metabolome. We pretreated sows with 10 mg\/kg body weight of RPP via drinking water for 7 days prior to intramuscular injection of the PRRSV vaccine. This significantly increased the concentrations of PRRSV GP5 protein antibody, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3. Oral administration of RPP also significantly improved the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the stool, such as <jats:italic>Parabacteroides distasonis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Prevotella_copri<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Eubacterium_sp.<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Clostridium_sp._CAG:226<\/jats:italic>, and decreased the levels of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Paraeggerthella and [Clostridium] innocuum, compared to the vaccine alone. These bacterial changes were confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). Moreover, RPP treatment significantly increased the blood concentrations of L-theanine, taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), and N-arachidonoyl proline, and decreased the levels of L-glutamine, oclacitinib, lipoxin C4, and leukotriene C5 in sows after immunization (<jats:italic>p&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05). The concentrations of various blood metabolites were validated using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), confirming the accuracy of the metabolomics data. Intriguingly, the integration of microbiome and metabolome analyses highlighted the significance of Prevotella_copri and TDCA. We consequently developed a mouse immunity model using GP5 protein and discovered that oral administration of RPP significantly enhanced the levels of GP5 protein antibodies, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-\u03b3 in mouse serum. It also increased the number of CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ cells in the spleen. Additionally, Prevotella_copri was administered into the large intestine via the anus for 7 days prior to the intramuscular injection of the PRRSV GP5 protein. The results demonstrated a significant increase in TDCA and GP5 antibody concentration in the mouse serum, indicating that RPP modulates <jats:italic>Prevotella_copri<\/jats:italic> to elevate its metabolite TDCA, thereby enhancing the GP5 antibody level. In conclusion, oral administration of 10 mg\/kg RPP optimizes gut flora diversity and blood metabolites, particularly <jats:italic>Prevotella_copri<\/jats:italic> and TDCA, thereby improving the immune response to the inactivated PRRSV vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1352018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T04:41:33Z","timestamp":1719376893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Integrated microbiome and metabolome analysis reveals that new insight into Radix pseudostellariae polysaccharide enhances PRRSV inactivated 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