{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:08:13Z","timestamp":1790813293457,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>People living with HIV (PLWH) now benefit from combined antiviral treatments that durably control viral replication. These antiretroviral treatments decrease mortality and improve quality of life in PLWH, but do not completely control the excessive non-specific activation of the immune system in PLWH. This chronic immune activation is a key element of HIV immunopathology that contributes to the pathophysiology of inflammatory comorbid conditions, such as cardiovascular disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. Circulating non-exosomal extracellular vesicles, also known as microparticles (MPs) are detected in these diseases and have been linked to immune activation. The objective of this study was to characterize the MPs present in PLWH and to assess their association with chronic immune activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed flow cytometry for the complete phenotypic characterization of MPs from fresh plasma from PLWH and from people without HIV as the control group. The absolute number, size and cellular origin of MPs were evaluated. The immunoregulatory profile was determined by cell origin, for MPs derived from platelets (PMPs), monocytes (MMPs) and T lymphocytes (LMPs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PLWH had significantly more circulating MPs than controls, for MPs of all sizes originating from T lymphocytes, red blood cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes and endothelial cells. PMPs and MMPs were not more numerous in PLWH, but the immunoregulatory phenotypes of these MPs differed between PLWH and controls. These differences in immunoregulatory molecule expression profile were also observed for LMPs. PDL1, ICOSL, CCR5, TGF\u03b21, MHC classes I and II, TRAIL, CXCR4, OX40, DC-SIGN, CTLA4 and PDL2 were more strongly expressed on the surface of MPs from PLWH than on those from controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MPs are an important element in intercellular communication, making it possible to transfer phenotypes and functions to immune cells. The significantly higher numbers of MPs expressing diverse immunomodulatory molecules in PLWH may make a major contribution to the maintenance and\/or the development of immune-cell activation in these individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1354065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T04:17:08Z","timestamp":1709525828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Immunoregulatory molecule expression on extracellular microvesicles in people living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Deborah","family":"Neyrinck-Leglantier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Tamagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raida","family":"Ben 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