{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T06:56:02Z","timestamp":1773471362457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A dysregulated immune response has been implicated in Sweet syndrome (SS) pathogenesis; however, cytokine profiles across different conditions associated with SS \u2014 including adult-onset immunodeficiency (AOID) due to anti-interferon (IFN)-\u03b3 autoantibodies \u2014 remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate alterations in inflammatory cytokines in skin lesions of distinct subtypes of SS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Skin biopsies were collected from 42 AOID- and 52 non-AOID-associated SS patients and 18 healthy controls. The comparative immunohistochemical study was conducted using monoclonal antibodies against interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-\u03b3, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 on paraffin-embedded sections. The quantitative percentage positivity and intensity were calculated using computer-based image analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed stronger and more diffuse dermal immunoreactivity for IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17 in the AOID-associated (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively) and non-AOID-associated SS (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001, respectively) groups. However, no significant differences in the levels of these two cytokines were observed between the AOID- and non-AOID-associated SS groups. Increased expression of IFN-\u03b3 together with IL-17 was also noted in almost all subtypes among non-AOID-associated SS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results demonstrate that IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17 are implicated in immunopathology of all SS subtypes, including AOID-associated SS, despite the presence of anti-IFN-\u03b3 autoantibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1355681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]],"date-time":"2024-03-11T04:45:32Z","timestamp":1710132332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory cytokines in distinct subtypes of Sweet 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