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Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Nocardia seriolae<\/jats:italic> adversely impacts a diverse range of fish species, exhibiting significant pathogenic characteristics that substantially impede the progress of aquaculture. <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> infects in fish has a long incubation period, and clinical symptoms are not obvious in the early stages. There is presently no viable and eco-friendly approach to combat the spread of the disease. According to reports, <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> primarily targets macrophages in tissues after infecting fish and can proliferate massively, leading to the death of fish. Interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3) is a crucial molecule that regulates macrophage activation, but little is known about its role in the <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>IFN-\u03b3 was first defined as largemouth bass (<jats:italic>Micropterus salmoides<\/jats:italic>, MsIFN-\u03b3), which has a highly conserved IFN-\u03b3 characteristic sequence through homology analysis. The recombinant proteins (rMsIFN-\u03b3) were obtained in <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>) strain BL21 (DE3). The inflammatory response-inducing ability of rMsIFN-\u03b3 was assessed <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> using monocytes\/macrophages. Meanwhile, the protective effect of MsIFN-\u03b3 <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> was evaluated by <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic> infection largemouth bass model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the inflammatory response of the monocytes\/macrophages activated by rMsIFN-\u03b3, various cytokines were significantly increased. Interestingly, interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) increased by 183- and 12-fold, respectively, after rMsIFN-\u03b3 stimulation. rMsIFN-\u03b3 improved survival by 42.1% compared with the control. The bacterial load in the liver, spleen and head kidney significantly decreased. rMsIFN-\u03b3 was also shown to better induce increased expression of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, hepcidin-1(Hep-1), major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI), and MHC II in head kidney, spleen and liver. The histopathological examination demonstrated the transformation of granuloma status from an early necrotic foci to fibrosis in the infection period. Unexpectedly, the development of granulomas was successfully slowed in the rMsIFN-\u03b3 group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work paves the way for further research into IFN-\u03b3 of largemouth bass and identifies a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of <jats:italic>N. seriolae<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1361231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T04:18:03Z","timestamp":1710303483000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["IFN-\u03b3 enhances protective efficacy against Nocardia seriolae infection in largemouth bass (Micropterus 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