{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:07:09Z","timestamp":1785550029820,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a global health concern, with 25% of cases attributed to <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic>). Viral infections like influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) increase the risk of <jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic>, leading to severe complications due to compromised host immunity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We evaluated the efficacy of an anti-PhtD monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail therapy (PhtD3 + 7) in improving survival rates in three viral\/bacterial coinfection models: IAV\/<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic>, hMPV\/<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic>, and RSV\/<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PhtD3 + 7 mAb cocktail outperformed antiviral mAbs, resulting in prolonged survival. In the IAV\/<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> model, it reduced bacterial titers in blood and lungs by 2-4 logs. In the hMPV\/<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> model, PhtD3 + 7 provided greater protection than the hMPV-neutralizing mAb MPV467, significantly reducing bacterial titers. In the RSV\/<jats:italic>Spn<\/jats:italic> model, PhtD3 + 7 offered slightly better protection than the antiviral mAb D25, uniquely decreasing bacterial titers in blood and lungs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the threat of antibiotic resistance, our findings highlight the potential of anti-PhtD mAb therapy as an effective option for treating viral and secondary pneumococcal coinfections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1364622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T04:17:29Z","timestamp":1718165849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human monoclonal antibodies protect against viral-mediated pneumococcal 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