{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:45:37Z","timestamp":1793123137385,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) exhibits immunosuppressive functions and affects cancer progression, but its relationship with prostate cancer remains unclear. We elucidated the association of polymorphonuclear MDSC (PMN-MDSC) and monocytic MDSC (M-MDSC) levels of the total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with prostate cancer progression and evaluated their roles as prognostic indicators. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 115 patients with non-metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (nmHSPC, n = 62), metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC, n = 23), and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC, n = 30). Subsequently, the proportions of MDSCs in each disease progression were compared. Log-rank tests and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to ascertain the associations of overall survival. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patients with mCRPC had significantly higher PMN-MDSC percentage than those with nmHSPC and mHSPC (P = 7.73 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup> and 0.0014). Significantly elevated M-MDSC levels were observed in mCRPC patients aged &amp;lt;70 years (P = 0.016) and with a body mass index (BMI) &amp;lt;25 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (P = 0.043). The high PMN-MDSC group had notably shorter median survival duration (159 days) than the low PMN-MDSC group (768 days, log-rank P = 0.018). In the multivariate analysis including age, BMI, and MDSC subset, PMN-MDSC was significantly associated with prognosis (hazard ratios, 3.48; 95% confidence interval: 1.05\u201311.56, P = 0.042). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PMN-MDSC levels are significantly associated with mCRPC prognosis. Additionally, we highlight the remarkable associations of age and BMI with M-MDSC levels in mCRPC, offering novel insights into MDSC dynamics in prostate cancer progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1372771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T04:19:19Z","timestamp":1717388359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Increased circulating polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with prognosis of metastatic castration-resistant prostate 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