{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:36:39Z","timestamp":1793655399926,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of electro-acupuncture (EA) on sepsis-related intestinal injury and its relationship with macrophage polarization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A sepsis model was established using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to assess the effectiveness of EA. The extent of pathological injury was evaluated using Chiu\u2019s score, the expression of ZO-1 and Ocludin, and the impact on macrophage polarization was examined through flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. The expression of spermidine, one type of polyamine, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was measured using ELISA and PCR. Once the efficacy was determined, a polyamine depletion model was created, and the role of polyamines was reassessed by evaluating efficacy and observing macrophage polarization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>EA treatment reduced the Chiu\u2019s score and increased the expression of ZO-1 and Ocludin in the intestinal tissue of septic mice. It inhibited the secretion of IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, promoted the polarization of M2-type macrophages, increased the secretion of IL-10, and upregulated the expression of Arg-1, spermidine, and ODC. However, after depleting polyamines, the beneficial effects of EA on alleviating intestinal tissue damage and modulating macrophage polarization disappeared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mechanism underlying the alleviation of intestinal injury associated with CLP-induced sepsis by EA involves with the promotion of M2-type macrophage polarization mediated by spermidine expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1373876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T05:02:50Z","timestamp":1713762170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mechanism of electro-acupuncture in alleviating intestinal injury in septic mice via polyamine-related M2-macrophage polarization"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-022-00422-y","article-title":"Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: mechanisms, diagnosis and current treatment options","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0287","article-title":"The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3)","volume":"315","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06106-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and burden of sepsis acquired in hospitals and intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Markwart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003342","article-title":"Epidemiology and costs of sepsis in the United States-an analysis based on timing of diagnosis and severity level","volume":"46","author":"Paoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04412-x","article-title":"Altered intestinal microbiome and metabolome correspond to the clinical outcome of sepsis","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04259-8","article-title":"The central role of the gut in intensive care","volume":"26","author":"Corriero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04490-0","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming consequences of sepsis: adaptations and contradictions","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2342OC","article-title":"Understanding lactatemia in human sepsis. 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