{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:06:25Z","timestamp":1790899585551,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A universal recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vaccine against COVID19 (Ad-US) was constructed, and immunogenicity and broad-spectrum of Ad5-US were evaluated with both intranasal and intramuscular immunization routes. The humoral immune response of Ad5-US in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus based pseudovirus neutralization assay, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) -binding inhibition assay. The cellular immune response and Th1\/Th2 biased immune response of Ad5-US were evaluated by the IFN-\u03b3 ELISpot assay, intracellular cytokine staining, and Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) profiling of Th1\/Th2 cytokines. Intramuscular priming followed by an intranasal booster with Ad5-US elicited the broad-spectrum and high levels of IgG, IgA, pseudovirus neutralizing antibody (PNAb), and Th1-skewing of the T-cell response. Overall, the adenovirus type-5 vectored universal SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Ad5-US was successfully constructed, and Ad5-US was highly immunogenic and broad spectrum. Intramuscular priming followed by an intranasal booster with Ad5-US induced the high and broad spectrum systemic immune responses and local mucosal immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1374486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T04:24:57Z","timestamp":1714451097000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A universal recombinant adenovirus type 5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinhua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"WHO coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-020518-115759","article-title":"Human coronavirus: host-pathogen interaction","volume":"73","author":"Fung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.60.080805.142157","article-title":"Biochemical aspects of coronavirus replication and virus-host interaction","volume":"60","author":"Enjuanes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.44.1.303","article-title":"Coronavirus: organization, replication and expression of genome","volume":"44","author":"Lai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02011-09","article-title":"Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein facilitates template switching and is required for efficient transcription","volume":"84","author":"Z\u00faniga","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.06.013","article-title":"Hilgenfeld, R. 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