{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T10:11:58Z","timestamp":1773915118527,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Migraine has an increased prevalence in several immune disorders, but genetic cause-effect relationships remain unclear. Mendelian randomization (MR) was used in this study to explore whether immune diseases are causally associated with migraine and its subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a two-sample bidirectional multivariate Mendelian randomization study. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for six immune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma and psoriasis, were used as genetic instrumental variables. Summary statistics for migraine were obtained from 3 databases: the International Headache Genetics Consortium (IHGC), UK Biobank, and FinnGen study. MR analyses were performed per outcome database for each exposure and subsequently meta-analyzed. Reverse MR analysis was performed to determine whether migraine were risk factors for immune diseases. In addition, we conducted a genetic correlation to identify shared genetic variants for these two associations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>No significant causal relationship was found between immune diseases and migraine and its subtypes. These results were robust with a series of sensitivity analyses. Using the linkage disequilibrium score regression method (LDSC), we detected no genetic correlation between migraine and immune diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The evidence from our study does not support a causal relationship between immune diseases and migraine. The mechanisms underlying the frequent comorbidity of migraine and several immune diseases need to be further elucidated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1376698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T10:41:06Z","timestamp":1712659266000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genetic causal relationship between immune diseases and migraine: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Guanglu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Headache Genetics Consortium 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