{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:54:54Z","timestamp":1785416094498,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) constitute a crucial element of the immune system, and dysfunction in immune responses is implicated in the susceptibility and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, the mechanism connecting PD and NETs remains unclear. This study aims to uncover potential NETs-related immune biomarkers and elucidate their role in PD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through differential gene analysis of PD and NETs in GSE7621 datasets, we identified two PD subtypes and explored potential biological pathways. Subsequently, using ClusterWGCNA, we pinpointed pertinent genes and developed clinical diagnostic models. We then optimized the chosen model and evaluated its association with immune infiltration. Validation was conducted using the GSE20163 dataset. Screening the single-cell dataset GSE132758 revealed cell populations associated with the identified gene. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings identified XGB as the optimal diagnostic model, with CAP2 identified as a pivotal gene. The risk model effectively predicted overall diagnosis rates, demonstrating a robust correlation between infiltrating immune cells and genes related to the XGB model. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusions, we identified PD subtypes and diagnostic genes associated with NETs, highlighting CAP2 as a pivotal gene. These findings have significant implications for understanding potential molecular mechanisms and treatments for PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1377409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T04:37:06Z","timestamp":1716439026000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["CAP2 contributes to Parkinson\u2019s disease diagnosed by neutrophil extracellular trap-related immune activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaohe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangrui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianxi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27115","article-title":"Past, present, and future of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A special essay on the 200th Anniversary of the Shaking Palsy","volume":"32","author":"Obeso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30499-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00218-X","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.09.007","article-title":"Triggers, facilitators, and aggravators: redefining parkinson\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25844","article-title":"Time to redefine PD? 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