{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:22:06Z","timestamp":1792430526238,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Historically, the central nervous system (CNS) was regarded as \u2018immune-privileged\u2019, possessing its own distinct immune cell population. This immune privilege was thought to be established by a tight blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB), which prevented the crossing of peripheral immune cells and their secreted factors into the CNS parenchyma. However, recent studies have revealed the presence of peripheral immune cells in proximity to various brain-border niches such as the choroid plexus, cranial bone marrow (CBM), meninges, and perivascular spaces. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that peripheral immune cells may be able to infiltrate the brain through these sites and play significant roles in driving neuronal cell death and pathology progression in neurodegenerative disease. Thus, in this review, we explore how the brain-border immune niches may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). We then discuss several emerging options for harnessing the neuroimmune potential of these niches to improve the prognosis and treatment of these debilitative disorders using novel insights from recent studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1380063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:54:10Z","timestamp":1716857650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Emergence of the brain-border immune niches and their contribution to the development of neurodegenerative diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li Yang","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Cunliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Patrick","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin Yi","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chansik","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohwan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junmo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Soo","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MinYoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangyong","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Das Sauerstoff-Bedurfnisdes Organismus: eine farbenanalytischeStudie","author":"Ehrlich","year":"1885","journal-title":"Berlin: Hirschward"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"U\u02d9ber eine bisherunbekannte toxische Wirkung der Gal-lensauren auf das Zentralnervensystem","volume":"19","author":"Bield","year":"1898","journal-title":"Zhl Inn Med"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Zur lehre der ze-rebrospinalflussigkeit","volume":"40","author":"Lewandowsky","year":"1900","journal-title":"Z Klin Med"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"192","article-title":"Die aussere und innere Sekretion des gesunden und kranken Organismus im Liche der \u201cvitalen Farbung\u201d","volume":"64","author":"Goldmann","year":"1909","journal-title":"Beitr Klin Chir"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.03.007","article-title":"Tryps and trips: cell trafficking across the 100-year-old blood-brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Bentivoglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitalfarbung am Zen-tralnervensystem: beitrag zur Physio-pathologie des plexus chorioideus derHirnhaute","volume":"1","author":"Goldmann","year":"1913","journal-title":"Abh Preuss Akad WissPhysik-Math"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.b.20087","article-title":"Development of the blood-brain barrier: a historical point of view","volume":"289","author":"Ribatti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anat Rec B New Anat"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"On the transplantation of the rat sarcoma in adult heterogenous animals","volume":"1","author":"Shirai","year":"1921","journal-title":"Jap Med World"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.38.2.183","article-title":"Conditions determining the transplantability of tissues in the brain","volume":"38","author":"Murphy","year":"1923","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20136736(00)60571\u20138","article-title":"THE MICROGLIA","volume":"233","author":"Rio-Hortega","year":"1939","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"58","article-title":"Immunity to homologous grafted skin; 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