{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:33:42Z","timestamp":1787765622554,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In addition to abnormal liver inflammation, the main symptoms of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are often accompanied by gastrointestinal digestive dysfunction, consistent with the concept of spleen deficiency (SD) in traditional Chinese medicine. As an important metabolic sensor, whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR\u03b1) participates in regulating the occurrence and development of NASH with SD (NASH-SD) remains to be explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical liver samples were collected for RNA-seq analysis. C57BL\/6J mice induced by folium sennae (SE) were used as an SD model. qPCR analysis was conducted to evaluate the inflammation and metabolic levels of mice. PPAR\u03b1 knockout mice (PPAR\u03b1<jats:sup>ko<\/jats:sup>) were subjected to SE and methionine\u2013choline-deficient (MCD) diet to establish the NASH-SD model. The phenotype of NASH and the inflammatory indicators were measured using histopathologic analysis and qPCR as well.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The abnormal expression of PPAR\u03b1 signaling, coupled with metabolism and inflammation, was found in the results of RNA-seq analysis from clinical samples. SD mice showed a more severe inflammatory response in the liver evidenced by the increases in macrophage biomarkers, inflammatory factors, and fibrotic indicators in the liver. qPCR results also showed differences in PPAR\u03b1 between SD mice and control mice. In PPAR\u03b1<jats:sup>ko<\/jats:sup> mice, further evidence was found that the lack of PPAR\u03b1 exacerbated the inflammatory response phenotype as well as the lipid metabolism disorder in NASH-SD mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The abnormal NR signaling accelerated the vicious cycle between lipotoxicity and inflammatory response in NAFLD with SD. Our results provide new evidence for nuclear receptors as potential therapeutic targets for NAFLD with spleen deficiency.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1381340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T04:52:16Z","timestamp":1712119936000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The lack of PPAR\u03b1 exacerbated the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice with spleen deficiency syndrome by triggering an inflammatory 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