{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:57:43Z","timestamp":1787065063085,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007265","name":"School of Medicine, Boston University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R35HL135756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R35HL135756"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recovery from respiratory pneumococcal infections generates lung-localized protection against heterotypic bacteria, mediated by resident memory lymphocytes. Optimal protection in mice requires re-exposure to pneumococcus within days of initial infection. Serial surface marker phenotyping of B cell populations in a model of pneumococcal heterotypic immunity revealed that bacterial re-exposure stimulates the immediate accumulation of dynamic and heterogeneous populations of B cells in the lung, and is essential for the establishment of lung resident memory B (B\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) cells. The B cells in the early wave were activated, proliferating locally, and associated with both CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and CXCL13. Antagonist- and antibody-mediated interventions were implemented during this early timeframe to demonstrate that lymphocyte recirculation, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells, and CD40 ligand (CD40L) signaling were all needed for lung B\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cell establishment, whereas CXCL13 signaling was not. While most prominent as aggregates in the loose connective tissue of bronchovascular bundles, morphometry and live lung imaging analyses showed that lung B\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells were equally numerous as single cells dispersed throughout the alveolar septae. We propose that CD40L signaling from antigen-stimulated CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in the infected lung is critical to establishment of local B\n                    <jats:sub>RM<\/jats:sub>\n                    cells, which subsequently protect the airways and parenchyma against future potential infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1382638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:26:31Z","timestamp":1713831991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["B cells in the pneumococcus-infected lung are heterogeneous and require CD4+ T cell help including CD40L to become resident memory B cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Neelou S.","family":"Etesami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anukul T.","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Lyon","family":"De Ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad I.","family":"Arafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle N.","family":"Grifno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeline M.","family":"Matschulat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Vannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riley M. 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