{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:47:47Z","timestamp":1785422867529,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity. While the serum antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied in depth, our knowledge of the underlying plasmablast and memory B cell (Bmem) responses is still incomplete. Here, we determined the antibody and B cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in a na\u00efve population and contrasted it with the response to a single influenza vaccination in a primed cohort. In addition, we analyzed the antibody and B cell responses against the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Measurement of specific plasma IgG antibodies was combined with functional analyses of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and Bmems. SARS-CoV-2- and HCoV-specific IgG antibodies were quantified with an in-house bead-based multiplexed immunoassay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination reflected the kinetics of a prime-boost immunization, characterized by a slow and moderate primary response and a faster and stronger secondary response. In contrast, the influenza vaccinees possessed robust immune memory for the vaccine antigens prior to vaccination, and the recall vaccination moderately boosted antibody production and Bmem responses. Antibody levels and Bmem responses waned several months after the 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup> COVID-19 vaccination, but were restored upon the 3<jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup> vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies mainly targeted novel, non-cross-reactive S1 epitopes of the viral spike protein, while cross-reactive S2 epitopes were less immunogenic. Booster vaccination not only strongly enhanced neutralizing antibodies against an original SARS-CoV-2 strain, but also induced neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 variant. We observed a 100% plasma antibody prevalence against the S1 subunits of HCoVs, which was not affected by vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, by complementing classical serology with a functional evaluation of plasmablasts and memory B cells we provide new insights into the specificity of COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and B cell responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1382911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:48:47Z","timestamp":1715662127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination \u2013 kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kilian A.","family":"Wietschel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Fechtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmer","family":"Antileo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Abdurrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara A.","family":"Drechsler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Kudzayi","family":"Makuvise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Vo\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi","family":"Krumbholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Michalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Ulm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Franikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Fickenscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara M.","family":"Br\u00f6ker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Raafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silva","family":"Holtfreter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Safe COVID-19 vaccines for Europeans2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.809244","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines, and host immunity","volume":"12","author":"Mistry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-022-03610-2","article-title":"Rolle, Arbeitsweise und Empfehlungen der St\u00e4ndigen Impfkommission (STIKO) im Kontext der COVID-19-Pandemie","volume":"65","author":"Vygen-Bonnet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00592-1","article-title":"Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape","volume":"21","author":"Tregoning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.10.005","article-title":"Comparing COVID-19 vaccines for their characteristics, efficacy and effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern: a narrative review","volume":"28","author":"Fiolet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3795","article-title":"The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells","volume":"15","author":"Nutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109823","article-title":"High-affinity memory B cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection produce more plasmablasts and atypical memory B cells than those primed by mRNA vaccines","volume":"37","author":"Pape","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.740708","article-title":"Evidence of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells six months after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"12","author":"Ciabattini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204607119","article-title":"Early human B cell signatures of the primary antibody response to mRNA vaccination","volume":"119","author":"Kardava","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03647-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans","volume":"595","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3802","article-title":"Memory B cells","volume":"15","author":"Kurosaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00657-1","article-title":"The germinal centre B cell response to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abi6950","article-title":"Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 na\u00efve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination","volume":"6","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0829","article-title":"mRNA vaccines induce durable immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern","volume":"374","author":"Goel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.009","article-title":"Efficient recall of Omicron-reactive B cell memory after a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"185","author":"Goel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10050696","article-title":"The effect of waning on antibody levels and memory B cell recall following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Forgacs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010064","article-title":"Large-Scale Study of Antibody Titer Decay following BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"10","author":"Israel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2114255","article-title":"Protection of BNT162b2 vaccine booster against Covid-19 in Israel","volume":"385","author":"Bar-On","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100354","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells","volume":"2","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01088-9","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccine induces divergent B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2","volume":"23","author":"Brewer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z","article-title":"Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Planas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2895-3","article-title":"Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness","volume":"592","author":"Plante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1168453\/v1","article-title":"mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant","volume":"28","author":"Gruell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03738-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses","volume":"596","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.005","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination induces functionally diverse antibodies to NTD, RBD, and S2","volume":"184","author":"Amanat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100189","article-title":"Epitope-resolved profiling of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response identifies cross-reactivity with endemic human coronaviruses","volume":"2","author":"Ladner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa443","article-title":"Global seasonality of human Coronaviruses: A systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2200049","article-title":"Seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2: effects of preexisting immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2598-9","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19","volume":"587","author":"Braun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109","DOI":"10.1002\/cpim.109","article-title":"Analysis of antigen-specific human memory B cell populations based on in vitro polyclonal stimulation","volume":"131","author":"Nguyen-Contant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104211","article-title":"Anti-neuronal antibodies against brainstem antigens are associated with COVID-19","volume":"83","author":"Lucchese","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28063","article-title":"The long term vaccine-induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response is impaired in quantity and quality under TNF\u03b1 blockade","volume":"94","author":"Geisen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9070700","article-title":"Development of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and virus-neutralizing antibodies after infection with variants of concern or vaccination","volume":"9","author":"Neumann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15395","article-title":"Delta or Omicron BA.1\/2-neutralizing antibody levels and T-cell reactivity after triple-vaccination or infection","volume":"77","author":"Rose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101572","article-title":"Kinetics of nucleo- and spike protein-specific immunoglobulin G and of virus-neutralizing antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"8","author":"Str\u00f6mer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.08.003","article-title":"The pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell repertoire determines the quality of the immune response to vaccination","volume":"55","author":"Saggau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29263","article-title":"Limited antibody response after BA.4-5 adapted booster vaccination in rheumatic patients receiving anti-TNF therapy: Results of a case series","volume":"95","author":"Geisen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"B39","unstructured":"xMAPr - analyzing serological assays with high precission\n            MichalikS\n          2021"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.02.088","article-title":"Peak frequencies of circulating human influenza-specific antibody secreting cells correlate with serum antibody response after immunization","volume":"28","author":"Halliley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-03-211052","article-title":"Appearance of peripheral blood plasma cells and memory B cells in a primary and secondary immune response in humans","volume":"114","author":"Blanchard-Rohner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis [Version 3.3.5]","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"B43","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Version 4.0.5]","year":"2021"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2019.08.002","article-title":"Structural insights into coronavirus entry","volume":"105","author":"Tortorici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23977-1","article-title":"Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Aydillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111496","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit higher levels of original antigenic sin antibodies compared with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.015","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination induces immunological T cell memory able to cross-recognize variants from Alpha to Omicron","volume":"185","author":"Tarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002932","article-title":"Circulating human antibody-secreting cells during vaccinations and respiratory viral infections are characterized by high specificity and lack of bystander effect","volume":"186","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltimore Md. 1950)"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-410X(94)90334-4","article-title":"An early humoral immune response in peripheral blood following parenteral inactivated influenza vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Cox","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9111223","article-title":"Pfizer-bioNTech and sinopharm: A comparative study on post-vaccination antibody titers","volume":"9","author":"Alqassieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14191","article-title":"Comparison of the immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac COVID-19 vaccines in Hong Kong","volume":"27","author":"Mok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00078","article-title":"Origin and function of circulating plasmablasts during acute viral infections","volume":"3","author":"Fink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04778-y","article-title":"Increased memory B cell potency and breadth after a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA boost","volume":"607","author":"Muecksch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24230-5","article-title":"Twelve-month specific IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain among COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors in Wuhan","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2119358","article-title":"Third BNT162b2 vaccination neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 omicron infection","volume":"386","author":"Nemet","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2201849","article-title":"Neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants","volume":"386","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.04.003","article-title":"Analysis of memory B cells identifies conserved neutralizing epitopes on the N-terminal domain of variant SARS-Cov-2 spike proteins","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03696-9","article-title":"Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection","volume":"595","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn8590","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-neutralizing memory B cells are elicited by two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine","volume":"7","author":"Kotaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04060-7","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain antibody evolution after mRNA vaccination","volume":"600","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03207-w","article-title":"Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"591","author":"Gaebler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc9127","article-title":"Imprinted antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages","volume":"378","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00090-3","article-title":"Breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 omicron despite mRNA vaccine booster dose","volume":"399","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00801-5","article-title":"Protective effectiveness of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and hybrid immunity against the omicron variant and severe disease: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"23","author":"Bobrovitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220826","article-title":"Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 elicited by combination COVID-19 vaccination regimens","volume":"219","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.3390\/v15051162","article-title":"Comparing heterologous and homologous COVID-19 vaccination: A longitudinal study of antibody decay","volume":"15","author":"Orlandi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030751","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response and Sustainability after a Third Dose of BNT162b2 in Healthcare Workers at Health Promotion Centers","volume":"15","author":"Nah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-00977-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of heterologous versus homologous prime-boost schedules with an adenoviral vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12932\/AP-121122-1501","article-title":"Binding and neutralizing antibody levels and vaccine efficacy\/effectiveness compared between heterologous and homologous primary series COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Angkasekwinai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18450-4","article-title":"A systematic review of antibody mediated immunity to coronaviruses: kinetics, correlates of protection, and association with severity","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.010","article-title":"Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection","volume":"184","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2020.112932","article-title":"Novel immunoassay for diagnosis of ongoing Clostridioides difficile infections using serum and medium enriched for newly synthesized antibodies (MENSA)","volume":"492","author":"Haddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1107","article-title":"Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans","volume":"370","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B74","article-title":"On the doctrine of original antigenic sin","volume":"104","author":"Francis","year":"1960","journal-title":"Proc Am Philos Soc"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00056-21","article-title":"Original antigenic sin: the downside of immunological memory and implications for COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1245","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1245","article-title":"Pattern of circulating SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody-secreting and memory B-cell generation in patients with acute COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Byazrova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2023.113457","article-title":"A FluoroSpot B assay for the detection of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells: Optimization and qualification for use in COVID-19 vaccine trials","volume":"515","author":"Bisceglia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.12.008","article-title":"Plasmablast-derived polyclonal antibody response after influenza vaccination","volume":"365","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00629-18","article-title":"Tracking Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Antibodies Produced In Vivo and Ex Vivo during Foot Salvage Therapy for Diabetic Foot Infections Reveals Prognostic Insights and Evidence of Diversified Humoral Immunity","volume":"86","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24935","article-title":"Clinical utilization of species-specific immunoassays for identification of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae in orthopedic infections","volume":"39","author":"Sulovari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.988536","article-title":"The role of B cells in COVID-19 infection and vaccination","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2014.0155","article-title":"Inhibition of B-cell proliferation and antibody production by mesenchymal stromal cells is mediated by T cells","volume":"24","author":"Rosado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01122-w","article-title":"The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Moss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051279","article-title":"Age, sex and BMI relations with anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike IgG antibodies after BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in health care workers in northern Greece","volume":"11","author":"Papaioannidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e059994","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059994","article-title":"Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with variations in antibody response to BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare workers at an academic medical centre: a longitudinal cohort analysis","volume":"12","author":"Ebinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2273697","article-title":"Association between sex hormones and anti-S\/RBD antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare workers","volume":"19","author":"Anticoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11081376","article-title":"A comparative study of immunogenicity, antibody persistence, and safety of three different COVID-19 boosters between individuals with comorbidities and the normal population","volume":"11","author":"Ashrafian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1248630","article-title":"Age- and sex-specific differences in immune responses to BNT162b2 COVID-19 and live-attenuated influenza vaccines in UK adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Jay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00325-10","article-title":"Correlation between serum and plasma antibody titers to mycobacterial antigens \u25bf","volume":"18","author":"Siev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.06.011","article-title":"Serum samples can be substituted by plasma samples for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis","volume":"112","author":"Goodridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1382911\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:48:54Z","timestamp":1715662134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1382911\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1382911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1382911","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"article-number":"1382911"}}