{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:30:31Z","timestamp":1788849031239,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To date, evidence is rare regarding whether and how dietary antioxidants are associated with the risk of periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the association of composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) with periodontitis and tooth loss, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2009\u20132014).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from 10,067 adults aged \u226530 years who underwent assessments of periodontal health and the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> day dietary recall. Based on a crude model and three adjusted models, multivariate regressions were used to examine the relationship between CDAI and periodontitis-related measurements including probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and tooth loss. Subgroup analyses and the restricted cubic splines plots were applied to examine the association between CDAI ingredients and periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the subjects with high CDAI scores, increased CDAI was associated with significant (<jats:italic>P &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05) reduction of severe periodontitis (odd ratio = 0.663, 95% confidence interval: 0.491\u20130.896) and increased number of remaining teeth (weighted \u03b2[SE] = 1.167[0.211]). However, the protective effect of CDAI on periodontitis vanished (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05) in active smokers and former smokers. There were threshold levels for \u03b2-carotene, Vitamin A, C and E intakes where the risk of periodontitis significantly decreased (<jats:italic>P &amp;lt;<\/jats:italic> 0.05) above these levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased CDAI was associated with reduced risk of periodontitis and tooth loss for non-smokers. It was recommendable that proper dietary intakes of \u03b2-carotene, Vitamin A, C and E would be of benefit for preventive dental care and adjuvant therapies for periodontitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T04:29:38Z","timestamp":1719203378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The association of composite dietary antioxidant index with periodontitis in NHANES 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