{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T12:13:28Z","timestamp":1770898408215,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Asthma is a common obstructive airway disease with an inflammatory etiology. The main unmet need in the management of asthma is inadequate adherence to pharmacotherapy, leading to a poorly-controlled disease state, necessitating the development of novel therapies. Bronchom is a calcio-herbal formulation, which is purported to treat chronic asthma. The objective of the current study was to examine the in-vivo efficacy of Bronchom in mouse model of allergic asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ultra high performance liquid chromatography was utilized to analyze the phytocompounds in Bronchom. Further, the in-vivo efficacy of Bronchom was evaluated in House dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma in mice. Mice were challenged with aerosolized methacholine to assess airway hyperresponsiveness. Subsequently, inflammatory cell influx was evaluated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) followed by lung histology, wherein airway remodeling features were studied. Simultaneously, the levels of Th2 cytokines and chemokines in the BALF was also evaluated. Additionally, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory and Th2 cytokines was also assessed in the lung along with the oxidative stress markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phytocompounds present in Bronchom included, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, methyl gallate, rosmarinic acid, glycyrrhizin, eugenol, 6-gingerol and piperine. Bronchom effectively suppressed HDM-induced airway hyperresponsiveness along with the influx of leukocytes in the BALF. Additionally, Bronchom reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung and it also ameliorated goblet cell metaplasia, sub-epithelial fibrosis and increase in \u03b1-smooth muscle actin. Bronchom decreased Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and chemokines (Eotaxin and IP-10) in the BALF. Likewise, it could also suppress the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6 and IL-33), and IL-13. Moreover, Bronchom restored the HDM-induced diminution of endogenous anti-oxidants (GSH and SOD) and the increase in pro-oxidants (GSSG and MDA). Furthermore, Bronchom could also decrease the nitrosative stress by lowering the observed increase in nitrite levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, the results of the present study data convincingly demonstrate that Bronchom exhibits pharmacological effects in an animal model of allergic asthma. Bronchom mitigated airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and airway remodeling evoked by a clinically relevant allergen and accordingly it possesses therapeutic potential for the treatment of asthma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:43:30Z","timestamp":1715661810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Bronchom assuages airway hyperresponsiveness in house dust mite-induced mouse model of allergic asthma and moderates goblet cell metaplasia, sub-epithelial fibrosis along with changes in Th2 cytokines and chemokines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Acharya","family":"Balkrishna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadrakbabu","family":"Karumuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhulina","family":"Maity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rishabh","family":"Dev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anurag","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Gina 2023 full report","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob Initiat Asthma Glob Strateg Asthma Manag Prev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2023.0103","article-title":"Tailored biologics selection in severe asthma","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02372-y","article-title":"Effectiveness and economic impact of Dupilumab in asthma: a population-based cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Faverio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100502","article-title":"Biologics and global burden of asthma: A worldwide portrait and a call for action","volume":"14","author":"Caminati","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"BSR20231324","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20231324","article-title":"Melanogrit potentiates melanogenesis by escalating cellular tyrosinase activity and MITF levels via pERK inhibition","volume":"44","author":"Balkrishna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.3964","article-title":"Efficacy of a house dust mite sublingual allergen immunotherapy tablet in adults with allergic asthma: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Virchow","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA - J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2017.0051","article-title":"Nonspecific bronchoprovocation test","volume":"80","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1094OC","article-title":"Continuous exposure to house dust mite elicits chronic airway inflammation and structural remodeling","volume":"169","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411","article-title":"Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the arrive guidelines 2.0","author":"du Sert","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Pharm"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293605","article-title":"Renogrit attenuates Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in human renal spheroids and in Sprague-Dawley rats by regulating kidney injury biomarkers and creatinine\/urea clearance","volume":"18","author":"Balkrishna","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90326-2","article-title":"A fluorometric method for determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in tissues","volume":"74","author":"Hissin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(71)90370-8","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels","volume":"44","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90654-1","article-title":"Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation","volume":"125","author":"Heath","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.187901201117","article-title":"Bemerkungen zu der Abhandlung der HH. Weselsky und Benedikt \u201eUeber einige Azoverbindungen\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Griess","year":"1879","journal-title":"Berichte der Dtsch Chem Gesellschaft"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2019.08.002","article-title":"Understanding the immunology of asthma: Pathophysiology, biomarkers, and treatments for asthma endotypes","volume":"36","author":"Gans","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110063","article-title":"Calcio-herbal formulation, Divya-Swasari-Ras, alleviates chronic inflammation and suppresses airway remodelling in mouse model of allergic asthma by modulating pro-inflammatory cytokine response","volume":"126","author":"Balkrishna","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61782-6","article-title":"Aspirin intolerance and allergy to house dust mites: Important factors associated with development of severe asthma","volume":"92","author":"Kupczyk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2015.11.001","article-title":"A review on emerging frontiers of house dust mite and cockroach allergy research","volume":"44","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00803-8","article-title":"Meteorin-\u03b2\/Meteorin like\/IL-41 attenuates airway inflammation in house dust mite-induced allergic asthma","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46166","article-title":"Bitter taste receptor agonists mitigate features of allergic asthma in mice","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107580","article-title":"Chronic HDM exposure shows time-of-day and sex-based differences in inflammatory response associated with lung circadian clock disruption","volume":"26","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000312635","article-title":"Airway inflammation and remodeling in two mouse models of asthma: comparison of males and females","volume":"153","author":"Blacquiere","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.11.030","article-title":"Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: measurement and clinical relevance","volume":"5","author":"Nair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910061.Airway","article-title":"Airway mucus function and dysfunction structure and function of the normal airway","volume":"363","author":"Fahy","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072541","article-title":"Eosinophils and neutrophils","volume":"48","author":"Kay","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1608969","article-title":"Severe and difficult-to-treat asthma in adults","volume":"377","author":"Israel","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.05.006","article-title":"Role of neutrophils in allergic asthma","volume":"54","author":"Radermecker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073521","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of combining IL-6 and TNF blockade in a mouse model of allergic asthma","volume":"23","author":"Namakanova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI95693","article-title":"Mucus plugs in patients with asthma linked to eosinophilia and airflow obstruction","volume":"128","author":"Dunican","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2003.00493.x","article-title":"The airway epithelium: Structural and functional properties in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Knight","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.10.024","article-title":"A novel cinnamate derivative attenuates asthma features and reduces bronchial epithelial injury in mouse model","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-014-0143-9","article-title":"Surfactant protein D attenuates sub-epithelial fibrosis in allergic airways disease through TGF-\u03b2","volume":"15","author":"Ogawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0b013e3282f3b5cb","article-title":"Airway modeling and remodeling in the pathogenesis of asthma","volume":"8","author":"Warner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200905-0745OC","article-title":"T cells localize with proliferating smooth muscle \u03b1-actin+ cell compartments in asthma","volume":"182","author":"Ramos-Barb\u00f3n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01885.x","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b21, TGF-\u03b22, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 after segmental allergen challenge and their effects on \u03b1-smooth muscle actin and collagen III synthesis by primary human lung fibrobl","volume":"34","author":"Batra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153295","article-title":"Herbal decoction Divya-Swasari-Kwath attenuates airway inflammation and remodeling through Nrf-2 mediated antioxidant lung defence in mouse model of allergic asthma","volume":"78","author":"Balkrishna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4892(01)00044-3","article-title":"Eotaxin and asthma","volume":"1","author":"Pease","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e3182673ff9","article-title":"Long-acting beta 2 agonists suppress IP-10 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"60","author":"Chien","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1937","article-title":"Oxidative and nitrative stress in bronchial asthma","volume":"10","author":"Sugiura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20408","article-title":"Nitrite in exhaled breath condensate as a marker of nitrossative stress in the airways of patients with asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Rih\u00e1k","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500362","article-title":"Vitamin E isoform \u03b3-tocotrienol downregulates house dust mite\u2013induced asthma","volume":"195","author":"Peh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10918","article-title":"Environmental allergens house dust mite\u2212induced asthma is associated with ferroptosis in the lungs","volume":"22","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01979.x","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid in perilla extract inhibits allergic inflammation induced by mite allergen, in a mouse model","volume":"34","author":"Sanbongi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Components of drugs in acupoint sticking therapy and its mechanism of intervention on bronchial asthma based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS combined with network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"47","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi= Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi= China J Chin Mater Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112322","article-title":"Alpinia officinarum water extract inhibits the atopic dermatitis-like responses in NC\/Nga mice by regulation of inflammatory chemokine production","volume":"144","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384697\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:43:36Z","timestamp":1715661816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384697\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1384697","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"article-number":"1384697"}}