{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:43:26Z","timestamp":1781880206437,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In response to the replace mammal research models with insects in preliminary immunological studies, interest has grown in invertebrate defense systems. The immunological response is regulated by cytokines; however, while their role in mammals is well understood, little is known of their function in insects. A suitable target for studies into insect immunology is <jats:italic>Galleria mellonella<\/jats:italic> (Lepidoptera), the wax moth: a common host for human fungal and bacterial pathogens. <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> is also a perfect subject for studies into the presence of cytokine-like proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Specific objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main goal of present research was detection in insect immunocompetent cells the 18 mammalian cytokines (IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-19, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, TNF-\u03b2, GM-CSF, M-CSF, G-CSF), which play important role in immunological response and indication how their level change after fungal infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>The changes of cytokine-like proteins level were detected in hemocytes taken from G<jats:italic>. mellonella<\/jats:italic> larvae infected with entomopathogenic fungus, <jats:italic>C. coronatus<\/jats:italic>. The presence of cytokine-proteins was confirmed with using fluorescence microscopy (in cultured hemocytes) and flow cytometry (in freshly collected hemolymph). The ELISA test was used to detect changes in concentration of examined cytokine-like proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicated the presence of eighteen cytokine-like molecules in <jats:italic>G. mellonella<\/jats:italic> hemocytes during infection with <jats:italic>C. coronatus<\/jats:italic>. The hemocytes taken from infected larvae demonstrated higher fluorescence intensity for six cytokine-like proteins (GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-3, IL-15, IL-1\u03b2 and IL-19) compared to untreated controls. ELISA test indicated significantly higher IL-3 and IL-15. M-CSF, IL-1\u03b1 and IL-19 concentration in the hemolymph after fungal infection, and significantly lower TNF-\u03b2 and G-CSF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings confirm that the selected cytokine-like molecules are present in insect hemocytes and that their concentrations change after fungal infection, which might suggest that they play a role in the anti-fungal immunological response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1385863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,7]],"date-time":"2024-05-07T04:25:15Z","timestamp":1715055915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The effect of infection with the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus (Entomopthorales) on eighteen cytokine-like proteins in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna 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