{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T17:24:10Z","timestamp":1793467450530,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging infectious diseases represent a significant threat to global health, with West Nile virus (WNV) being a prominent example due to its potential to cause severe neurological disorders alongside mild feverish conditions. Particularly prevalent in the continental United States, WNV has emerged as a global concern, with outbreaks indicating the urgent need for effective prophylactic measures. The current problem is that the absence of a commercial vaccine against WNV highlights a critical gap in preventive strategies against WNV. This study aims to address this gap by proposing a novel, multivalent vaccine designed using immunoinformatics approaches to elicit comprehensive humoral and cellular immune responses against WNV. The objective of the study is to provide a theoretical framework for experimental scientists to formulate of vaccine against WNV and tackle the current problem by generating an immune response inside the host. The research employs reverse vaccinology and subtractive proteomics methodologies to identify NP_041724.2 polyprotein and YP_009164950.1 truncated flavivirus polyprotein NS1 as the prime antigens. The selection process for epitopes focused on B and T-cell reactivity, antigenicity, water solubility, and non-allergenic properties, prioritizing candidates with the potential for broad immunogenicity and safety. The designed vaccine construct integrates these epitopes, connected via GPGPG linkers, and supplemented with an adjuvant with the help of another linker EAAAK, to enhance immunogenicity. Preliminary computational analyses suggest that the proposed vaccine could achieve near-universal coverage, effectively targeting approximately 99.74% of the global population, with perfect coverage in specific regions such as Sweden and Finland. Molecular docking and immune simulation studies further validate the potential efficacy of the vaccine, indicating strong binding affinity with toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) and promising immune response profiles, including significant antibody-mediated and cellular responses. These findings present the vaccine construct as a viable candidate for further development and testing. While the theoretical and computational results are promising, advancing from in-silico predictions to a tangible vaccine requires comprehensive laboratory validation. This next step is essential to confirm the vaccine\u2019s efficacy and safety in eliciting an immune response against WNV. Through this study, we propose a novel approach to vaccine development against WNV and contribute to the broader field of immunoinformatics, showcasing the potential to accelerate the design of effective vaccines against emerging viral threats. The journey from hypothesis to practical solution embodies the interdisciplinary collaboration essential for modern infectious disease management and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1395870","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:32:33Z","timestamp":1715301153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immunoinformatics assisted profiling of West Nile virus proteome to determine immunodominant epitopes for the development of next-generation multi-peptide vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Karkashan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-12","article-title":"West Nile Virus: biology, 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