{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:39:47Z","timestamp":1790959187103,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mutations in the ABO gene, including base insertions, deletions, substitutions, and splicing errors, can result in blood group subgroups associated with the quantity and quality of blood group antigens. Here, we employed third-generation PacBio sequencing to uncover a novel <jats:italic>AEL<\/jats:italic> allele arising from an intron splice site mutation, which altered the expected A<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> phenotype to manifest as an Ael phenotype. The study aimed to characterize the molecular mechanism underlying this phenotypic switch<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 53-year-old healthy male blood donor with an atypical agglutination pattern was investigated. PacBio sequencing was used to sequence the entire <jats:italic>ABO<\/jats:italic> gene of the proband. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> analysis predicted aberrant splicing, which was experimentally verified using a minigene splicing assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on serological characteristics, the proband was determined to have an Ael phenotype. Sequencing revealed heterozygosity for <jats:italic>ABO*O.01.02<\/jats:italic> and a novel <jats:italic>ABO*A2.01<\/jats:italic>-like allele with an additional c.28 + 5G&amp;gt;A mutation in intron 1. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> predictions also indicated that this mutation is likely to cause aberrant splicing. Minigene analysis suggested that this mutation disrupted the 5\u2019-end canonical donor splice site in intron 1, activated a cryptic donor site, and resulted in a 167 bp insertion, producing a truncated glycosyltransferase (p.Lys11Glufs*66). Meanwhile, a small amount of the wild type transcript was also generated through normal splicing, contributing to the Ael phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A novel <jats:italic>AEL<\/jats:italic> allele was identified in a Chinese male blood donor on the <jats:italic>ABO*A2.01<\/jats:italic> background, characterized by the c.28 + 5G&amp;gt;A variant. This study provides insights into the molecular basis of blood group antigen variation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1396426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]],"date-time":"2024-12-23T06:42:17Z","timestamp":1734936137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characterization of a novel AEL allele harboring a c.28 + 5G&gt;A mutation on the ABO*A2.01 background: a study utilizing PacBio third-generation sequencing and functional assays"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lin-Nan","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Qian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling-Zi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Hang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Hua","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Agglutination 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