{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T23:02:36Z","timestamp":1791759756269,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic> causes diseases in pigs and has emerged as a zoonotic agent. When infected, the host develops an exacerbated inflammation that can lead to septic shock and meningitis. Although neutrophils greatly infiltrate the lesions, their dynamics during <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> infection remain poorly described. Moreover, very few studies reported on the production and role of a key factor in the regulation of neutrophils: the colony-stimulating granulocyte factor (G-CSF). In this study, we characterized the G-CSF-neutrophil axis in the pathogenesis of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> induced disease. Using a mouse model of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> infection, we first evaluated the recruitment of neutrophils and their activation profile by flow cytometry. We found that infection provokes a massive neutrophil recruitment from the bone marrow to the blood and spleen. In both compartments, neutrophils displayed multiple activation markers. In parallel, we observed high systemic levels of G-CSF, with a peak of production coinciding with that of neutrophil recruitment. We then neutralized the effects of G-CSF and highlighted its role in the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow to the blood. However, it did not affect bacteremia nor the cytokine storm induced by <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>. In conclusion, systemic G-CSF induces the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow to the blood, but its role in inflammation or bacterial clearance seems to be compensated by unknown factors. A better understanding of the role of neutrophils and inflammatory mediators could lead to better strategies for controlling the infection caused by <jats:italic>S. suis.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1403789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T09:56:04Z","timestamp":1722592564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor produced during Streptococcus suis infection controls neutrophil recruitment in the blood without affecting bacterial 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