{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:53:51Z","timestamp":1794376431063,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3601503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3601503"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018525","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018525","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common respiratory disease characterized by irreversible progressive airflow limitation, often manifested by persistent cough, sputum production and other respiratory symptoms that pose a serious threat to human health and affect the quality of life of patients. The disease is associated with chronic inflammation, which is associated with the onset and progression of COPD, but anti-inflammatory therapy is not first-line treatment. Inflammation has multiple manifestations and phenotypes, and this heterogeneity reveals different patterns of inflammation, making treatment difficult. This paper aims to explore the direction of more effective anti-inflammatory treatment by analyzing the nature of inflammation and the molecular mechanism of disease occurrence and development in COPD patients, and to provide new ideas for the treatment of COPD patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:41:32Z","timestamp":1723164092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Inflammation mechanism and research progress of COPD"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyue","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangqing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoli","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND PREVENTION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (2023 REPORT)2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.19.0397","article-title":"The GOLD Summit on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"23","author":"Halpin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00651-2019","article-title":"Airway inflammation in COPD: progress to precision medicine","volume":"54","author":"Brightling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.05.011","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"138","author":"Barnes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13760","article-title":"Inflammatory endotypes in COPD","volume":"74","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092145","article-title":"The pathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"4","author":"Hogg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106955","article-title":"Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"365","author":"McDonough","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2254","article-title":"Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60988-4","article-title":"New insights into the immunology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"378","author":"Brusselle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00506-3","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never-smokers: risk factors, pathogenesis, and implications for prevention and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00013006","article-title":"Airway mucosal inflammation in COPD is similar in smokers and ex-smokers: a pooled analysis","volume":"30","author":"Gamble","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0759OC","article-title":"Secretory IgA deficiency in individual small airways is associated with persistent inflammation and remodeling","volume":"195","author":"Polosukhin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1081\/COPD-120028701","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages as orchestrators of COPD","volume":"1","author":"Barnes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Copd"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.7.590","article-title":"Increased levels of the chemokines GROalpha and MCP-1 in sputum samples from patients with COPD","volume":"57","author":"Traves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-013-0386-4","article-title":"Tissue macrophage heterogeneity: issues and prospects","volume":"35","author":"Gordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.08.044","article-title":"Identification of a distinct glucocorticosteroid-insensitive pulmonary macrophage phenotype in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"133","author":"Chana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00020.2002","article-title":"Alveolar macrophage-mediated elastolysis: roles of matrix metalloproteinases, cysteine, and serine proteases","volume":"283","author":"Russell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200204-298OC","article-title":"Impaired inhibition by dexamethasone of cytokine release by alveolar macrophages from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"167","author":"Culpitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.4.348","article-title":"Nuclear localisation of p65 in sputum macrophages but not in sputum neutrophils during COPD exacerbations","volume":"58","author":"Caramori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003495","article-title":"Specific CXC but not CC chemokines cause elevated monocyte migration in COPD: a role for CXCR2","volume":"76","author":"Traves","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0010008","article-title":"An immune basis for lung parenchymal destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema","volume":"1","author":"Grumelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.1564","article-title":"Corticosteroid resistance in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"131","author":"Barnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.010908.163257","article-title":"Role of HDAC2 in the pathophysiology of COPD","volume":"71","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00036709","article-title":"Defective macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria in COPD","volume":"35","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-014-0114-1","article-title":"Inflammatory thresholds and the species-specific effects of colonising bacteria in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2003.t01-1-01170.x","article-title":"Alveolar macrophages from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are deficient in their ability to phagocytose apoptotic airway epithelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Hodge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2348","article-title":"Defective phagocytosis in airways disease","volume":"141","author":"Donnelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.22.07927-7","article-title":"Pathogenesis of COPD at the cellular and molecular level","volume":"113","author":"DI Stefano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerva Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2017.38.4027","article-title":"Understanding alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: A review with an allergist's outlook","volume":"38","author":"Henao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5_suppl.151S","article-title":"Neutrophils and the pathogenesis of COPD","volume":"121","author":"Stockley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15326\/jcopdf.7.3.2019.0164","article-title":"Neutrophil modulation in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Sapey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD","article-title":"Alpha 1 antitrypsin to treat lung disease in alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency: recent developments and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Chapman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.01.036","article-title":"T2 biologics for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"7","author":"Yousuf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-215167","article-title":"Eosinophilic inflammation in COPD: from an inflammatory marker to a treatable trait","volume":"76","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4624","article-title":"Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease","volume":"15","author":"Gandhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.07-0393","article-title":"CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokines in induced sputum from patients with COPD","volume":"133","author":"Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0209PP","article-title":"Blood eosinophils and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease science committee 2022 review","volume":"206","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30006-7","article-title":"Predictors of exacerbation risk and response to budesonide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a post-hoc analysis of three randomised trials","volume":"6","author":"Bafadhel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.040","article-title":"The sputum microbiome, airway inflammation, and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"147","author":"Dicker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1550OC","article-title":"Inhaled steroids, circulating eosinophils, chronic airway infection, and pneumonia risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A network analysis","volume":"201","author":"Martinez-Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01219-2018","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: friend or foe","volume":"52","author":"Agusti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1713901","article-title":"Once-daily single-inhaler triple versus dual therapy in patients with COPD","volume":"378","author":"Lipson","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0084-2023","article-title":"How inhaled corticosteroids target inflammation in COPD","volume":"32","author":"Lea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303951","article-title":"Dupilumab for COPD with type 2 inflammation indicated by eosinophil counts","volume":"389","author":"Bhatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-016-0561-5","article-title":"COPD immunopathology","volume":"38","author":"Caramori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1429213","article-title":"Role of CD(4) (+) T and CD(8) (+) T lymphocytes-mediated cellular immunity in pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"2022","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01105-x","article-title":"CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential","volume":"55","author":"Koh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2021009","article-title":"The functions of CD4 T-helper lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.supplement_1.10","article-title":"CD8(+) T cell subsets and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"160","author":"Kemeny","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.06.003","article-title":"The roles of CD8(+) T cell subsets in antitumor immunity","volume":"30","author":"St Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.804919","article-title":"Th17\/Treg imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"12","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.004","article-title":"The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.03965.x","article-title":"T helper type 17-related cytokine expression is increased in the bronchial mucosa of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients","volume":"157","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021909-135926","article-title":"TH17 cells in asthma and COPD","volume":"72","author":"Alcorn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00145307","article-title":"Decreased FOXP3 expression in small airways of smokers with COPD","volume":"33","author":"Isajevs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190418","article-title":"Biology and therapeutic potential of interleukin-10","volume":"217","author":"Saraiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054865","article-title":"Th17\/Treg imbalance: implications in lung inflammatory diseases","volume":"24","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.113","article-title":"Dendritic cells and Th17\/Treg ratio play critical roles in pathogenic process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"108","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12147","article-title":"Imbalance of peripheral blood Th17 and Treg responses in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Respir J"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0085OC","article-title":"Blood gene expression and immune cell subtypes associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations","volume":"208","author":"Ryu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0251-1","article-title":"Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are associated with decreased CD4+ & CD8+ T cells and increased growth & differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) in peripheral blood","volume":"16","author":"Freeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201010-1605OC","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced antibodies to carbonyl-modified protein correlate with severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"184","author":"Kirkham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16900-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"364","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2010.03.002","article-title":"Differential lymphocyte infiltration in small airways and lung parenchyma in COPD patients","volume":"104","author":"Olloquequi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00150208","article-title":"Lymphoid follicles in (very) severe COPD: beneficial or harmful","volume":"34","author":"Brusselle","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0103OC","article-title":"Role of B cell-activating factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"192","author":"Seys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425918821732","article-title":"Regulation of lung immunity by dendritic cells: Implications for asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and infectious disease","volume":"25","author":"Peters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Innate Immun"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212800166068","article-title":"Dendritic cells in pathogenesis of COPD","volume":"18","author":"Givi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2684","article-title":"Cigarette smoke extract suppresses human dendritic cell function leading to preferential induction of Th-2 priming","volume":"175","author":"Vassallo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.2.1536","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress suppresses generation of dendritic cell IL-12 and IL-23 through ERK-dependent pathways","volume":"181","author":"Kroening","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.7.4350","article-title":"Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema are attenuated in CCR6-deficient mice","volume":"177","author":"Bracke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.6.432","article-title":"Enhanced neutrophil response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"56","author":"Noguera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S366126","article-title":"Pathological mechanism and targeted drugs of COPD","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909025","article-title":"Exhaled ethane, a marker of lipid peroxidation, is elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"162","author":"Paredi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/891752","article-title":"Malondialdehyde in exhaled breath condensate as a marker of oxidative stress in different pulmonary diseases","volume":"2011","author":"Bartoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00002404","article-title":"Comparison between exhaled and sputum oxidative stress biomarkers in chronic airway inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Corradi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.3.8810624","article-title":"Increased exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with stable and unstable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"154","author":"Dekhuijzen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.3.2001063","article-title":"Exhaled 8-isoprostane as an in vivo biomarker of lung oxidative stress in patients with COPD and healthy smokers","volume":"162","author":"Montuschi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.4.294","article-title":"Increased leukotriene B4 and 8-isoprostane in exhaled breath condensate of patients with exacerbations of COPD","volume":"58","author":"Biernacki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2206012","article-title":"Analysis of expired air for oxidation products","volume":"166","author":"Paredi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1975TR","article-title":"Cellular senescence as a mechanism and target in chronic lung diseases","volume":"200","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001861","article-title":"FOXO3 deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, airspace enlargement, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"187","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.10.005","article-title":"Mitochondria, telomeres and cell senescence: Implications for lung ageing and disease","volume":"183","author":"Birch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI81113","article-title":"Mitochondria in lung disease","volume":"126","author":"Cloonan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.046","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction drives inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodeling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"136","author":"Wiegman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02244-2018","article-title":"Defective bacterial phagocytosis is associated with dysfunctional mitochondria in COPD macrophages","volume":"54","author":"Belchamber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101544","article-title":"Oxidative stress-based therapeutics in COPD","volume":"33","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2003.019588","article-title":"Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Gan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037483","article-title":"Persistent systemic inflammation is associated with poor clinical outcomes in COPD: a novel phenotype","volume":"7","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty077","article-title":"Smoking, systemic inflammation, and airflow limitation: A Mendelian randomization analysis of 98 085 individuals from the general population","volume":"21","author":"\u00c7olak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S322144","article-title":"Association of systemic inflammation with depressive symptoms in individuals with COPD","volume":"16","author":"Strollo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201206-1113OC","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers and comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"186","author":"Thomsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15412555.2011.636407","article-title":"Effect of bronchial colonisation on airway and systemic inflammation in stable COPD","volume":"9","author":"Marin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Copd"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00056804","article-title":"Impact of sputum bacteria on airway inflammation and health status in clinical stable COPD","volume":"23","author":"Banerjee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and the effects of short-term antibiotic treatment for PPM positive patients with stable COPD","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-207194","article-title":"Effects of different antibiotic classes on airway bacteria in stable COPD using culture and molecular techniques: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"70","author":"Brill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403086","article-title":"Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD","volume":"370","author":"Criner","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205795","article-title":"Statin use and exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"70","author":"Ingebrigtsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.S296472","article-title":"Statins in high-risk chronic obstructive pulmonary disease outpatients: no impact on time to first exacerbation and all-cause mortality - the STATUETTE cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Damkj\u00e6r","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1407154","article-title":"Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD","volume":"371","author":"Magnussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-12-18","article-title":"Reduction of exacerbations by the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast\u2013the importance of defining different subsets of patients with COPD","volume":"12","author":"Rennard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70019-0","article-title":"Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Uzun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404615\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:41:37Z","timestamp":1723164097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404615\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"article-number":"1404615"}}