{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T14:03:08Z","timestamp":1760623388739,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["co-funding from Next Generation EU in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Investment PE8-Project Age-It: \"Ageing Well in an Ageing Society\"., PRIN-2017ATZ2YK, 2017ATZ2YK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["co-funding from Next Generation EU in the context of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Investment PE8-Project Age-It: \"Ageing Well in an Ageing Society\"., PRIN-2017ATZ2YK, 2017ATZ2YK"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis (MCV) is caused in ~90% of cases by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>MCV) and more rarely by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, or apparently noninfectious. HCV<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>MCV develops in only ~5% of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), but risk factors other than female gender have not been identified so far. We conducted a retrospective case control study investigating whether past active HBV infection, defined by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance and anti-core antibody (HBcAb) positivity, could be a risk factor for developing HCV<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>MCV. The prevalence of HBsAg seroclearance was 48% within 123 HCV<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>MCV patients and 29% within 257 CHC patients (p=0.0003). Multiple logistic regression including as variables gender, birth year, age at HBV testing, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, confirmed an association of HBsAg seroclearance with HCV<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>MCV [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.82, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.73-4.59, p&amp;lt;0.0001]. Stratification by gender, however, showed that HBsAg seroclearance was associated with HCV<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>MCV in male [OR 4.63, 95% CI 2.27-9.48, p&amp;lt;0.0001] and not in female patients [OR 1.85, 95% 95% CI 0.94-3.66, p=0.076]. HBsAg seroclearance, and more likely occult HBV infection, is an independent risk factor for HCV<jats:sup>pos<\/jats:sup>MCV in male CHC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1411146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T04:48:40Z","timestamp":1720673320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Surface antigen serocleared hepatitis B virus infection increases the risk of mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis in male patients with chronic hepatitis C"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Morrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Fiorilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Cinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piergiorgio","family":"Roberto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro L.","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Visentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Pulsoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca 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