{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:38:41Z","timestamp":1792633121110,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL159297, R01 HL139766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL159297, R01 HL139766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI157274, R01AI072726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI157274, R01AI072726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute febrile illness and systemic vasculitis, is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in industrialized countries. KD leads to the development of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA) in affected children, which may persist for months and even years after the acute phase of the disease. There is an unmet need to characterize the immune and pathological mechanisms of the long-term complications of KD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined cardiovascular complications in the <jats:italic>Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic> cell wall extract (LCWE) mouse model of KD-like vasculitis over 4 months. The long-term immune, pathological, and functional changes occurring in cardiovascular lesions were characterized by histological examination, flow cytometric analysis, immunofluorescent staining of cardiovascular tissues, and transthoracic echocardiogram.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>CAA and abdominal aorta dilations were detected up to 16 weeks following LCWE injection and initiation of acute vasculitis. We observed alterations in the composition of circulating immune cell profiles, such as increased monocyte frequencies in the acute phase of the disease and higher counts of neutrophils. We determined a positive correlation between circulating neutrophil and inflammatory monocyte counts and the severity of cardiovascular lesions early after LCWE injection. LCWE-induced KD-like vasculitis was associated with myocarditis and myocardial dysfunction, characterized by diminished ejection fraction and left ventricular remodeling, which worsened over time. We observed extensive fibrosis within the inflamed cardiac tissue early in the disease and myocardial fibrosis in later stages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that increased circulating neutrophil counts in the acute phase are a reliable predictor of cardiovascular inflammation severity in LCWE-injected mice. Furthermore, long-term cardiac complications stemming from inflammatory cell infiltrations in the aortic root and coronary arteries, myocardial dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis persist over long periods and are still detected up to 16 weeks after LCWE injection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1411979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T04:22:20Z","timestamp":1719289340000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Long-term cardiovascular inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of vasculitis induced by Lactobacillus casei cell wall extract"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana Paula","family":"Lombardi Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Aubuchon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie P.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thacyana T.","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thassio R. 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