{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T04:46:06Z","timestamp":1793853966813,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010805","name":"Forskningsr\u00e5det i Syd\u00f6stra Sverige","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014683","name":"Region Kalmar l\u00e4n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014683","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016670","name":"Region \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016670","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In order to identify and possibly offer prophylactic treatment to women at risk for preterm birth (PTB), novel prediction models for PTB are needed. Our objective was to utilize high-sensitive plasma protein profiling to investigate whether early prediction of spontaneous PTB (sPTB) before 34 gestational weeks (gw) was possible in a low-risk population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A case-control study was conducted on 46 women with sPTB before 34 gw and 46 women with normal pregnancies and term deliveries. Prospectively collected plasma sampled at gw 11 (range 7-16) and gw 25 (range 23-30) was analyzed with a high-sensitivity Proximity Extension Assay for levels of 177 inflammation-associated proteins, and statistically processed with multivariate logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the first trimester, higher levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were associated with sPTB &amp;lt;34 gw (OR 1.49 (1.03-2.15)). In the second trimester, higher levels of interleukin (IL)-10 (OR 2.15 (1.18-3.92)), IL-6 (OR 2.59 (1.34-4.99)), and the receptor activator of nuclear factor \u03baB (RANK) (OR 2.18 (1.26-3.77)) were associated with sPTB &amp;lt;34 gw. The area under the curve for the prediction models including these proteins was 0.653 (0.534-0.759) in the first trimester and 0.854 (0.754-0.925) in the second trimester.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A combination of inflammation-associated plasma proteins from the second trimester of pregnancy showed a good predictive ability regarding sPTB before 34 gw, suggesting it could be a valuable supplement for the assessment of the clinical risk of sPTB. However, although a high number (n=177) of plasma proteins were analyzed with a high-sensitivity method, the prediction of sPTB in the first trimester remains elusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1415016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T05:01:41Z","timestamp":1721019701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early prediction of spontaneous preterm birth before 34 gestational weeks based on a combination of inflammation-associated plasma 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