{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T16:31:39Z","timestamp":1788193899377,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Medical Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRRPG2L0011, CMRPG2L0261, CMRPVVM0121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRRPG2L0011, CMRPG2L0261, CMRPVVM0121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112-2622-E-007-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2622-E-007-028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011645","name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH111-1M33, KMUH112-2M32"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH111-1M33, KMUH112-2M32"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011645","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluates tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and interferon-\u03b3-induced protein-10 (IP-10) in pregnant women with COVID-19 and their newborns, exploring the effects of antiviral treatments and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody (Nab) inhibition on these key viral infection biomarkers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We studied 61 pregnant women with past COVID-19 and either three (n=56) or four (n=5) doses of vaccination, and 46 without COVID-19 but vaccinated. We analyzed them and their newborns\u2019 blood for TRAIL, IP-10, and Nab levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), correlating these with other clinical factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study found lower TRAIL but higher IP-10 levels in maternal blood than neonatal cord blood, irrespective of past COVID-19 diagnosis. Cases diagnosed with COVID-19 &amp;lt; 4 weeks previously had higher maternal blood TRAIL levels (16.49 vs. 40.81 pg\/mL, p=0.0064) and IP-10 (154.68 vs. 225.81 pg\/mL, p=0.0170) than those never diagnosed. Antiviral medication lowered TRAIL and IP-10 in maternal blood without affecting Nab inhibition (TRAIL: 19.24 vs. 54.53 pg\/mL, p=0.028; IP-10: 158.36 vs. 255.47 pg\/mL, p=0.0089). TRAIL and IP-10 levels were similar with three or four vaccine doses, but four doses increased Nab inhibition (p=0.0363). Previously COVID-19 exposed pregnant women had higher Nab inhibition (p &amp;lt; 0.0001). No obvious correlation was found among TRAIL, IP-10, and Nab inhibition level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests that lower maternal TRAIL and higher IP-10 levels compared to neonatal cord blood coupled with a rise in both markers following COVID-19 diagnosis that could be reduced by antivirals indicates a correlation to infection severity. Higher vaccine doses enhance Nab inhibition, irrespective of antiviral medication use and independent of TRAIL or IP-10 levels, highlighting the significance and safety of adequate vaccination and antiviral use post-diagnosis in pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1415561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T04:32:11Z","timestamp":1725337931000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating TRAIL and IP-10 alterations in vaccinated pregnant women after COVID-19 diagnosis and their correlation with neutralizing 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