{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:45:40Z","timestamp":1788468340552,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) is a cornerstone in immune suppression for solid organ transplantation. The treatment is a delicate balance between complications arising from over-immunosuppression such as infections and cancer versus rejection stemming from under-immunosuppression. CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocyte measurements are frequently employed for treatment monitoring. However, this analysis is costly and not always accessible. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the total count of lymphocytes could replace CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocyte measurements based on data from our transplantation center combined with a review of the literature. The hypothesis was that the total lymphocyte count could serve as a diagnostic surrogate marker for CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocytes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A retrospective cohort study was conducted, including patients who underwent kidney and\/or a pancreas transplantation and received ATG as induction therapy or for rejection treatment. The inclusion criterium was that the total lymphocyte count and CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocyte measurements were measured simultaneously on the same day. Additionally, PubMed and Embase were searched up to 18\/10\/2023 for published studies on solid organ transplantation, ATG, T-lymphocytes, lymphocyte count, and monitoring. In the retrospective cohort study, a total of 91 patients transplanted between 2016 and 2023, with 487 samples, were included.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Total lymphocyte counts below 0.3 x 10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n \/L had a high sensitivity (86%) as a surrogate marker of CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocytes below 0.05 x 10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n \/L, but the specificity was low (52%) for total lymphocyte counts above 0.3 x 10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n \/L as a surrogate marker for CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocytes above 0.05 x 10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n \/L. A review of the literature identified seven studies comparing total lymphocyte counts and CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocytes in ATG monitoring. These studies supported the use of a low total lymphocyte count as a surrogate marker for CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocytes and an indicator to omit ATG treatment. However, there was no consensus regarding high total lymphocyte counts as an indicator for continued treatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n Results supports that the total lymphocyte count can be used to omit ATG treatment when below 0.3 x 10\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n \/L whereas the CD3\n +<\/jats:sup>\n T-lymphocyte analysis should be reserved for higher total lymphocyte counts to avoid ATG overtreatment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1419726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T00:18:25Z","timestamp":1718151505000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Interruption of anti-thymocyte globuline treatment in solid organ transplantation is effectively monitored through a low total lymphocyte count"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rikke Olund","family":"Rasander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren Schwartz","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Suno","family":"Krohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle","family":"Bruunsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Anti\u2013thymocytglobulin, l\u00e6gemiddelgruppe"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404683","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of antithymocyte globulin: T\u2013cell depletion and 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clinical trial of antithymocyte globulin in cadaver renal allograft recipients: importance of T cell monitoring","volume":"80","author":"Cosimi","year":"1976","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199506150-00010","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of antithymocyte globulin induction in renal transplantation comparing a fixed daily dose with dose adjustment according to T\u00a0cell monitoring","volume":"59","author":"Abouna","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transplant"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta\u2013analysis protocols (prisma\u2013p) 2015: Elaboration and explanation","volume-title":"BMJ","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta\u2013analysis protocols (PRISMA\u2013P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"B15","article-title":"Monitoring of ATG therapy by flow cytometry and lymphocyte counts in renal transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Buchler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2257.1997.00210.x","article-title":"Dose titration during anti\u2013thymocyte globulin therapy: monitoring by CD3 count or total lymphocyte count","volume":"19","author":"Gorrie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Lab Haematol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-1049(01)00037-X","article-title":"Immune monitoring of anti\u2013thymocyte globulin (ATG) treatment in transplant patients","volume":"1","author":"Shenton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Appl Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(03)00577-3","article-title":"Study of the correlation between two methods used to monitor thymoglobulin therapy in renal transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Franco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0101-2800.20170032","article-title":"Cut\u2013off value for absolute lymphocytes as an alternative for the immunophenotypic analysis of CD3+ T cells in the monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy with thymoglobulin","volume":"39","author":"Furlanetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jornal brasileiro nefrol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2018AO4278","article-title":"Polyclonal anti T\u2013lymphocyte antibody therapy monitoring in kidney transplant recipients: comparison of CD3+ T cell and total lymphocyte counts","volume":"16","author":"MaChado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Einstein (Sao Paulo)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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