{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T01:01:09Z","timestamp":1782435669577,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of CAR-T-cell immunotherapy has notably elevated the efficacy of treating multiple myeloma. Currently, a variety of targets, including BCMA, CS1, CD38, FcRH5, and GPRC5D, are being investigated. Despite these significant advancements, challenges such as antigen escape, limited persistence of CAR-T cells, and the intricate nature of the tumor microenvironment persist, leading to relapses following treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report the case of a patient with recurrent and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) who developed a substantial extramedullary plasmacytoma in the muscles of the lower limb following multiple rounds of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The patient underwent CAR-T-cell immunotherapy targeting BCMA and CS1; however, the tumor progressed despite treatment. Surgical resection of the extramedullary plasmacytoma was subsequently performed. Upon comparison of the tumor tissue with the adjacent tissue, increased expression of MYBL2 was noted in the tumor tissue, potentially contributing to the lack of improvement in extramedullary relapse after dual-targeted CAR-T cell therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In patients with recurrent and refractory multiple myeloma who underwent multiple cycles of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, dual-targeted CAR-T cell therapy aimed at BCMA and CS1 failed to effectively manage extramedullary relapse. Elevated expression of MYBL2 in multiple myeloma correlates with a poorer prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1422478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T04:57:08Z","timestamp":1722315428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Case report: Dual-targeted BCMA and CS1 CAR-T-cell immunotherapy in recurrent and refractory extramedullary multiple myeloma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiangjun","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingchen","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boran","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinru","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2022.100929","article-title":"Current state and next-generation CAR-T cells in multiple myeloma","volume":"54","author":"Manier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00962-7","article-title":"BCMA-targeted immunotherapy for multiple myeloma","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20517\/cdr.2022.138","article-title":"Anti-BCMA novel therapies for multiple myeloma","volume":"6","author":"Sammartano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Drug resistance. 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