{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:39:31Z","timestamp":1792172371891,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-programmed death cell protein 1 (anti-PD1) and anti-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), by disinhibiting the antitumor responses of lymphocytes, have extended survival benefits for patients in lung cancer. ICIs can also lead to a wide spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), due to dysregulation of immune reactions. Here, we report a 27-year-old female patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung treated with pembrolizumab-combined chemotherapy treatment, who complained of urinary irritation symptoms. No bacteria were found in multiple urine cultures. B-mode ultrasonography indicated a high echo in the right lateral wall of the bladder, about 5.6 \u00d7 4.5 mm in size. Transurethral bladder tumor resection (TURBT) was operated. At biopsy, we found CD3<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> lymphocyte, plasma cell, and eosinophil infiltration and lymphoid follicle formation in the bladder mucosal layer. This is a report of non-bacterial inflammation of the urinary tract caused by immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1423123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T04:42:02Z","timestamp":1720154522000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Non-bacterial cystitis caused by pembrolizumab therapy for adenocarcinoma of the lung: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Caixia","family":"Di","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4321","article-title":"Is autoimmunity the Achilles\u2019 heel of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"June","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade","volume":"378","author":"Postow","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J 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