{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:18:11Z","timestamp":1773933491657,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009232","name":"Debreceni Egyetem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009232","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018818","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The endocannabinoid system (ECS), named after the chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant, is a regulatory network of neurotransmitters, receptors, and enzymes that plays crucial roles in skin health and disease. Endogenous ligands of the ECS, called endocannabinoids, have proven to be important regulators of immune responses. One of the most prevalent endocannabinoids, arachidonoylethanolamide (also known as anandamide), is known for its anti-inflammatory effects. Langerhans cells (LCs) are the sole antigen-presenting cells present in the human epidermis. They serve as the first line of defense against pathogens and are essential for the skin\u2019s specific immune responses and play a critical role in maintaining tissue homeostasis; however, little is known about the effect of endocannabinoids on these cells. Our research aimed to provide the connection between monocyte-derived Langerhans cells (moLCs) and the ECS, shedding light on their collaborative roles in immune homeostasis and inflammation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human monocytes were differentiated into moLCs using established protocols. Anandamide was applied during the differentiation process to test its effect on the viability, marker expression, and cytokine production of the cells, as well as in short term treatments for intracellular calcium measurement. TLR ligands applied after the differentiation protocol were used to activate moLCs. The impact of anandamide on the functionality of moLCs was further assessed using differential gene expression analysis of bulk RNA-Seq data, moLC-T cell cocultures, while ELISpot was employed to determine polarization of T cells activated in the aforementioned cocultures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anandamide did not significantly affect the viability of moLCs up to 10 \u00b5M. When applied during the differentiation process it had only a negligible effect on CD207 expression, the prototypic marker of LCs; however, there was an observed reduction in CD1a expression by moLCs. Anandamide had no significant effects on the maturation status of moLCs, nor did it affect the maturation induced by TLR3 and TLR7\/8 agonists. MoLCs differentiated in the presence of anandamide did however show decreased production of CXCL8, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokines induced by TLR3 and TLR7\/8 activation. Anandamide-treated moLCs showed an increased capability to activate na\u00efve T cells; however, not to the level seen with combined TLR agonism. RNA sequencing analysis of moLCs differentiated with anandamide showed modest changes compared to control cells but did reveal an inhibitory effect on oxidative phosphorylation specifically in activated moLCs. Anandamide also promoted the polarization of na\u00efve T cells towards a Th1 phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that anandamide has nuanced effects on the differentiation, maturation, cytokine secretion, metabolism and function of activated moLCs. Among these changes the decrease in CD1a expression on moLCs holds promise to selectively dampen inflammation induced by CD1a restricted T cells, which have been implicated as drivers of inflammation in common inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1423776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T04:19:49Z","timestamp":1719202789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Anandamide modulation of monocyte-derived Langerhans cells: implications for immune homeostasis and skin inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"P\u00e9nzes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorottya","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T\u00fcnde","family":"Fekete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kitti","family":"P\u00e1zm\u00e1ndi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"B\u00e1csi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Attila G\u00e1bor","family":"Sz\u00f6ll\u0151si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/187152709789824660","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and pain","volume":"8","author":"Guindon","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Neurological Disord - Drug Targets- CNS Neurological Disorders)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.1116635","article-title":"Editorial: Targeting the endocannabinoidome in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","author":"Ishiguro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.028","article-title":"An introduction to the endogenous cannabinoid system","volume":"79","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain","volume":"34","author":"Devane","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids","volume":"365","author":"Munro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.07.016","article-title":"Review of the endocannabinoid system","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cognit Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601832103","article-title":"A biosynthetic pathway for anandamide","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.130","article-title":"Circulating endocannabinoids: from whence do they come and where are they going","volume":"43","author":"Hillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050918","article-title":"Cannabinoid signaling in the skin: therapeutic potential of the \u201cC(ut)annabinoid\u201d System","volume":"24","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216523","article-title":"Cannabinoids and their receptors in skin diseases","volume":"24","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.02.008","article-title":"Endocannabinoid signaling at the periphery: 50 years after THC","volume":"36","author":"Maccarrone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.05.004","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system of the skin in health and disease: novel perspectives and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"30","author":"B\u00edr\u00f3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06366-1","article-title":"Endocannabinoid system and its modulation of brain, gut, joint and skin inflammation","volume":"48","author":"Osafo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00093","article-title":"Langerhans cells: sensing the environment in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Deckers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0014-2999(97)01007-8","article-title":"Influence of fatty acid ethanolamides and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cytokine and arachidonate release by mononuclear cells","volume":"330","author":"Berdyshev","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008688","article-title":"Anandamide suppresses proliferation and cytokine release from primary human T-lymphocytes mainly via CB2 receptors","volume":"5","author":"Cencioni","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.1103","article-title":"Effects of cannabinoids on LPS-stimulated inflammatory mediator release from macrophages: Involvement of eicosanoids","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0702","article-title":"2-arachidonyl-glycerol stimulates nitric oxide release from human immune and vascular tissues and invertebrate immunocytes by cannabinoid receptor 1","volume":"42","author":"Stefano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801521","article-title":"Cutting edge: dysregulated endocannabinoid-rheostat for plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation in a systemic lupus endophenotype","volume":"202","author":"Rahaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"The ultrastructural characteristics of the hair bulb of segmented heterochromia in the scalp hair","volume":"14","author":"Sohn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.07.013","article-title":"Functional specializations of human epidermal Langerhans cells and CD14+ dermal dendritic cells","volume":"29","author":"Klechevsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-8470-y","article-title":"The balance between immunity and tolerance: The role of Langerhans cells","volume":"66","author":"Mutyambizi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.500","article-title":"Langerhans cells favor skin flora tolerance through limited presentation of bacterial antigens and induction of regulatory T cells","volume":"133","author":"van der Aar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2219932120","article-title":"Cross-presenting Langerhans cells are required for the early reactivation of resident CD8+ memory T cells in the epidermis","volume":"120","author":"Kamenjarin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838384","article-title":"CXCL12 is essential for migration of activated Langerhans cells from epidermis to dermis","volume":"38","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.012","article-title":"Distinct human Langerhans cell subsets orchestrate reciprocal functions and require different developmental regulation","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.6.961","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta1, in the presence of granulocyte\/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4, induces differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes into dendritic Langerhans cells","volume":"187","author":"Geissmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.42","article-title":"Viruses and langerhans cells","volume":"88","author":"Cunningham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00886.x","article-title":"Langerhans cells and more: langerin-expressing dendritic cell subsets in the skin","volume":"234","author":"Romani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.5.845","article-title":"Antagonistic effects of IL-4 and TGF-beta1 on Langerhans cell-related antigen expression by human monocytes","volume":"71","author":"Guironnet","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501304","article-title":"Functional langerinhigh-expressing langerhans-like cells can arise from CD14highCD16- human blood monocytes in serum-free condition","volume":"196","author":"Picarda","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.05.098","article-title":"Notch-mediated generation of monocyte-derived langerhans cells: phenotype and function","volume":"141","author":"Bellmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2302509120","article-title":"TRPV1 activation in human Langerhans cells and T cells inhibits mucosal HIV-1 infection via CGRP-dependent and independent mechanisms","volume":"120","author":"Mariotton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2022.10.022","article-title":"TRPV4 Activation Increases the Expression of CD207 (Langerin) of Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cells without Affecting their Maturation","volume":"143","author":"Alimohammadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12521083","article-title":"Langerhans cells as macrophages in skin and lymphoid organs","volume":"75","author":"Thorbecke","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.1989.tb04312.x","article-title":"The langerhans\u2019 cells","author":"Ruco","year":"1989","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052215","article-title":"Antigen-presenting cells in the skin","volume":"35","author":"Kashem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2008.09.001","article-title":"Evaluation of logistic and polynomial models for fitting sandwich-ELISA calibration curves","volume":"339","author":"Herman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Society: Ser B (Methodological)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2879-1","article-title":"pcaExplorer: an R\/Bioconductor package for interacting with RNA-seq principal components","volume":"20","author":"Marini","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Bioinf"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76603-3","article-title":"VolcaNoseR is a web app for creating, exploring, labeling and sharing volcano plots","volume":"10","author":"Goedhart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(94)90152-X","article-title":"Anadamide, an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and induces apoptosis","volume":"55","author":"Schwarz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500546","article-title":"Anandamide Suppresses Proinflammatory T Cell Responses In Vitro through Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptor\u2013Mediated mTOR Inhibition in Human Keratinocytes","volume":"197","author":"Chiurchi\u00f9","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.08.039","article-title":"Anticancer activity of anandamide in human cutaneous melanoma cells","volume":"718","author":"Adinolfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061419","article-title":"Anandamide-modulated changes in metabolism, glycosylation profile and migration of metastatic melanoma cells","volume":"14","author":"Sobiepanek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-104877","article-title":"Endocannabinoids enhance lipid synthesis and apoptosis of human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated signaling","volume":"22","author":"Dobrosi","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2373","article-title":"Activation through cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 on dendritic cells triggers NF-kappaB-dependent apoptosis: novel role for endogenous and exogenous cannabinoids in immunoregulation","volume":"173","author":"Do","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108952","article-title":"The role of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the regulation of the tumor-immune microenvironment in murine models of pancreatic cancer","volume":"115","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12053","article-title":"Adenosine and cAMP signalling skew human dendritic cell differentiation towards a tolerogenic phenotype with defective CD8(+) T-cell priming capacity","volume":"138","author":"Challier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-016840","article-title":"Differentiation of CD1a- and CD1a+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells is biased by lipid environment and PPARgamma","volume":"109","author":"Gogolak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041211","article-title":"High-frequency and adaptive-like dynamics of human CD1 self-reactive T cells","volume":"41","author":"de Lalla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2023.04.010","article-title":"CD1a-mediated immunity from a molecular perspective","volume":"158","author":"Wegrecki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23875","article-title":"Distinct modulation of human myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells by anandamide in multiple sclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Chiurchi\u00f9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2020.00144","article-title":"A closer look at anandamide interaction with TRPV1","volume":"7","author":"Muller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2152","article-title":"Calcium signalling in lymphocyte activation and disease","volume":"7","author":"Feske","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2009.00806.x","article-title":"Dendritic cell altered states: what role for calcium","volume":"231","author":"Salter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.f.220","article-title":"Calcium signaling in immune cells","volume":"10","author":"Vig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-751230","article-title":"STIM1 and STIM2 cooperatively regulate mouse neutrophil store-operated calcium entry and cytokine production","volume":"130","author":"Clemens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2019.01.003","article-title":"CRAC channel regulation of innate immune cells in health and disease","volume":"78","author":"Clemens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R115.693903","article-title":"Immunometabolism: cellular metabolism turns immune regulator","volume":"291","author":"Loftus","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302498","article-title":"Mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibition extends cellular lifespan in dendritic cells by preserving mitochondrial function","volume":"193","author":"Amiel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3771","article-title":"Dendritic cell metabolism","volume":"15","author":"Pearce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.011","article-title":"Oxidative phosphorylation selectively orchestrates tissue macrophage homeostasis","volume":"56","author":"Wculek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202300682","article-title":"Orthogonal strategies for profiling potential cellular targets of anandamide and cannabidiol","volume":"29","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem \u2013 A Eur J"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838742","article-title":"TLR2-activated human langerhans cells promote Th17 polarization via IL-1beta, TGF-beta and IL-23","volume":"39","author":"Aliahmadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12671","article-title":"Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells stimulated with an adjuvant direct the development of Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo","volume":"182","author":"Matsui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.03.006","article-title":"Langerhans cells: mediators of immunity and tolerance","volume":"38","author":"Berger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12363","article-title":"Inflammatory conditions distinctively alter immunological functions of Langerhans-like cells and dendritic cells in vitro","volume":"144","author":"Said","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1423776\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T04:19:56Z","timestamp":1719202796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1423776\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1423776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1423776","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]]},"article-number":"1423776"}}