{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T02:38:59Z","timestamp":1794364739422,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The majority of patients with lung cancer exhibit drug resistance after anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, leading to shortened patient survival time. Previous studies have suggested an association between epigenetic abnormalities such as methylation and clinical response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, while the role of SUMOylation in resistance to anti-PD-1 antibody immunotherapy is still unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, the mRNA expression of 15 SUMO machinery components in PBMC from lung cancer patients receiving anti-PD-1 immunotherapy were analyzed using real-time PCR. Base on the percentage change in mRNA levels, the relationship between the expression of SUMO machinery components and outcomes of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, and the influencing factors of SUMOylation were evaluated. PBMC was treated with different concentrations of 2-D08 (a specific inhibitor of SUMOylation) <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and analyzed the activation and the death rates of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A predictive method, base on the gene expression of three SUMO machinery components (<jats:italic>SUMO1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>SUMO3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>UBE2I<\/jats:italic>), were developed to distinguish non-responders to PD-1 inhibitors. Furthermore, the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood significantly reduced in the dysregulated SUMOylation groups (the percentage change &amp;gt;100 or -50 ~ -100 groups). <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> studies confirmed that lightly low SUMOylation level improved the activation status of T and NK lymphocytes, but extremely low SUMOylation level lead to the increased death rates of lymphocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings implied that dysregulated gene expression of SUMO machinery components could induce the resistance of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in lung cancer by upregulating the death of peripheral blood lymphocytes. These data might provide effective circulating biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, and uncovered a novel regulatory mechanism of resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1424393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,15]],"date-time":"2024-08-15T04:18:30Z","timestamp":1723695510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dysregulated gene expression of SUMO machinery components induces the resistance to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in lung cancer by upregulating the death of peripheral blood 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