{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T08:21:15Z","timestamp":1763367675937,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>to evaluate the immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in adults with immune-mediated rheumatic diseases (IMRDs) in comparison to healthy individuals, observed 1-20 weeks following the fourth vaccine dose. Additionally, to evaluate the impact of immunosuppressive therapies, vaccination schedules, the time interval between vaccination and sample collection on the vaccine\u2019s immune response.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We designed a longitudinal observational study conducted at the rheumatology department of Hospital de Copiap\u00f3. Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) titers against the Wuhan and Omicron variant were analyzed between 1-20 weeks after administration of the fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to 341 participants (218 IMRD patients and 123 healthy controls). 218 IMRD patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic vasculitis (VS) and systemic scleroderma (SS) were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performing a comparison between the variants, Wuhan vs Omicron, we noticed that there were significant differences (p&amp;lt;0.05) in the level of the ID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>, both for healthy controls and for patients with IMRDs. The humoral response of patients with IMRDs is significantly lower compared to healthy controls for the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (p = 0.0015). The humoral response of patients with IMRDs decreases significantly when the time interval between vaccination and sample collection is greater than 35 days. This difference was observed in the response, both for the Wuhan variant and for the Omicron variant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The IMRDs patients, the humoral response variation in the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine depends on doses and type of vaccine administered, the humoral response times and the treatment that these patients are receiving.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1427501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T04:31:49Z","timestamp":1721968309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["4th booster-dose SARS-CoV-2 heterologous and homologous vaccination in rheumatological patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Maria Jose","family":"Gallardo-Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Cruces","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yolanda M.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constanza","family":"Fuenzalida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javiera","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Aravena-Traipi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aracelly","family":"Gaete-Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Rivas-Ya\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis M.","family":"Kalergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Soto-Rifo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Valiente-Echeverria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42372","article-title":"American college of rheumatology guidance for covid-19 vaccination in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases \u2013 version 5","author":"Curtis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"INFORME EPIDEMIOL\u00d3GICO No218 ENFERMEDAD POR SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)2022"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3199","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines","volume":"325","author":"Creech","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA - J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221244","article-title":"Impact of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on vaccine immunogenicity in patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases","volume":"80","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann rheumatic diseases. 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