{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:40:43Z","timestamp":1790192443748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82072304,  81871671, 81802003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82072304,  81871671, 81802003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the decades since the discovery, Type I interferon (IFN-I) has been intensively studied for their antiviral activity. However, increasing evidences suggest that it may also play an important role in the infection of <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, a model organism for intracellular parasites. Recent studies demonstrated that the induction of IFN-I by the parasite depends on cell type, strain genotype, and mouse strain. IFN-I can inhibit the proliferation of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>, but few studies showed that it is beneficial to the growth of the parasite. Meanwhile, <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> also can secrete proteins that impact the pathway of IFN-I production and downstream induced interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) regulation, thereby escaping immune destruction by the host. This article reviews the major findings and progress in the production, function, and regulation of IFN-I during <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, to thoroughly understand the innate immune mechanism of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection, which provides a new target for subsequent intervention and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1428232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:33:45Z","timestamp":1720413225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mutual regulations between Toxoplasma gondii and type I interferon"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/170573a0","article-title":"Multiplication of influenza virus under conditions of interference","volume":"170","author":"Fazekas De St Groth","year":"1952","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1987.7.429","article-title":"Virus interference. I. The interferon. By A. Isaacs and J. Lindenmann, 1957","volume":"7","author":"Isaacs","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Interferon Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aan5357","article-title":"Type III interferon is a critical regulator of innate antifungal immunity","volume":"2","author":"Espinosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.4.781","article-title":"Studies on the serodiagnosis of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis","volume":"20","author":"Montoya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2013.813065","article-title":"Primary toxoplasmosis with critical illness and multi-organ failure in an immunocompetent young man","volume":"46","author":"Undseth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)31053-7","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Paquet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.11.012","article-title":"Transcriptional modification of host cells harboring Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoites prevents IFN gamma-mediated cell death","volume":"30","author":"Seizova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101347R","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii ROP18(I) inhibits host innate immunity through cGAS-STING signaling","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1904637116","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii effector TgIST blocks type I interferon signaling to promote infection","volume":"116","author":"Matta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.04.016","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii secreted effectors co-opt host repressor complexes to inhibit necroptosis","volume":"29","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1356216","article-title":"IFNs in host defence and parasite immune evasion during Toxoplasma gondii infections","volume":"15","author":"Luder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a011247","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011247","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200612056","article-title":"The interaction between the ER membrane protein UNC93B and TLR3, 7, and 9 is crucial for TLR signaling","volume":"177","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.08.009","article-title":"Type I interferon [corrected] gene induction by the interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors","volume":"25","author":"Honda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.11.005","article-title":"TLR3: interferon induction by double-stranded RNA including poly(I:C)","volume":"60","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03500.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3: a link between toll-like receptor, interferon and viruses","volume":"48","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and the innate immune response to viral infection","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2079","article-title":"The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804947105","article-title":"Roles of RIG-I N-terminal tandem CARD and splice variant in TRIM25-mediated antiviral signal transduction","volume":"105","author":"Gack","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0288-3","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: their regulation and roles in RNA sensing","volume":"20","author":"Rehwinkel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111398","article-title":"Nod-like receptors: critical intracellular sensors for host protection and cell death in microbial and parasitic infections","volume":"22","author":"Babamale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611711113","article-title":"Role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and its variants in human cytomegalovirus control in vitro and in vivo","volume":"113","author":"Fan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000500","article-title":"NOD2, RIP2 and IRF5 play a critical role in the type I interferon response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Pandey","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900667","article-title":"NOD1 promotes antiviral signaling by binding viral RNA and regulating the interaction of MDA5 and MAVS","volume":"204","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12306","article-title":"cGAS produces a 2\u2019-5\u2019-linked cyclic dinucleotide second messenger that activates STING","volume":"498","author":"Ablasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0244-x","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of cGAS-STING signalling","volume":"21","author":"Hopfner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06013","article-title":"DAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response","volume":"448","author":"Takaoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801295105","article-title":"Regulation of innate immune responses by DAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) and other DNA-sensing molecules","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00199-X","article-title":"The Stat family in cytokine signaling","volume":"13","author":"Ihle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mcb.11.4.2057-2065.1991","article-title":"Two novel protein-tyrosine kinases, each with a second phosphotransferase-related catalytic domain, define a new class of protein kinase","volume":"11","author":"Wilks","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312219200","article-title":"Interferon alpha-induced apoptosis in tumor cells is mediated through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase\/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway","volume":"279","author":"Thyrell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.27.15938","article-title":"Interferon-alpha engages the insulin receptor substrate-1 to associate with the phosphatidylinositol 3\u2019-kinase","volume":"270","author":"Uddin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.01.007","article-title":"Interferon alpha and ribavirin collaboratively regulate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in hepatoma cells","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-024-01185-8","article-title":"Sophoraflavanone G inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via MAPK\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.137075","article-title":"Proliferation, survival and metabolism: the role of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signalling in pluripotency and cell fate determination","volume":"143","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.2.600","article-title":"Activation of human macrophages. Comparison of other cytokines with interferon-gamma","volume":"160","author":"Nathan","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.3.845-849.1989","article-title":"Role of tryptophan degradation in respiratory burst-independent antimicrobial activity of gamma interferon-stimulated human macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.49.2.351-356.1985","article-title":"Activation of neonatal and adult human macrophages by alpha, beta, and gamma interferons","volume":"49","author":"Wilson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.10.4188-4196.1996","article-title":"Mechanisms of interferon-induced inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii replication in human retinal pigment epithelial cells","volume":"64","author":"Nagineni","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.2015.17.issue-7","article-title":"Mechanisms of interferon-beta-induced inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii growth in murine macrophages and embryonic fibroblasts: role of immunity-related GTPase M1","volume":"17","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.4.4.407-410.1971","article-title":"Effects of an interferon inducer, poly I:C, on acute ocular infection produced by intracameral inoculation of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"4","author":"Oh","year":"1971","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000270","article-title":"Galectins expressed differently in genetically susceptible C57BL\/6 and resistant BALB\/c mice during acute ocular Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02361-22","article-title":"Inflammasome activation dampens type I IFN signaling to strengthen anti-toxoplasma immunity","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2014.70","article-title":"Internalization and TLR-dependent type I interferon production by monocytes in response to Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"92","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.10.3254-3256.1989","article-title":"Beta interferon inhibits Toxoplasma gondii growth in human monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Schmitz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abo6294","article-title":"ZBP1-dependent inflammatory cell death, PANoptosis, and cytokine storm disrupt IFN therapeutic efficacy during coronavirus infection","volume":"7","author":"Karki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2018100926","article-title":"Human GBP1 is a microbe-specific gatekeeper of macrophage apoptosis and pyroptosis","volume":"38","author":"Fisch","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftab058","article-title":"Toxoplasma-proximal and distal control by GBPs in human macrophages","volume":"79","author":"Fisch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00852-20","article-title":"ISG15 connects autophagy and IFN-gamma-dependent control of toxoplasma gondii infection in human cells","volume":"11","author":"Bhushan","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701322","article-title":"Cysteine-reactive free ISG15 generates IL-1beta-producing CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells at the site of infection","volume":"201","author":"Napolitano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003557","article-title":"The protein kinase double-stranded RNA-dependent (PKR) enhances protection against disease cause by a non-viral pathogen","volume":"9","author":"Ogolla","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05487-7","article-title":"TRIM21 is critical for survival of Toxoplasma gondii infection and localises to GBP-positive parasite vacuoles","volume":"7","author":"Foltz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(97)00091-6","article-title":"Type I interferons enhance production of IFN-gamma by NK cells","volume":"59","author":"Hunter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1148037","article-title":"Type I and III interferons shape the retinal cytokine network and barrier function in an in vitro model of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"14","author":"Geiller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000060972","article-title":"Relationship between the production of interferon-alpha\/beta and interferon-gamma during acute toxoplasmosis","volume":"99","author":"Diez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-123-31625","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antiviral action of an interferon-like substance induced by Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"123","author":"Freshman","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1986.tb03051.x","article-title":"Strain differences of interferon-generating capacity and resistance in toxoplasma-infected mice","volume":"30","author":"Shirahata","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.6229","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are activated by Toxoplasma gondii to present antigen and produce cytokines","volume":"180","author":"Pepper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003779","article-title":"Transcriptional analysis of murine macrophages infected with different Toxoplasma strains identifies novel regulation of host signaling pathways","volume":"9","author":"Melo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182015001456","article-title":"Unmethylated CpG motifs in Toxoplasma gondii DNA induce TLR9- and IFN-beta-dependent expression of alpha-defensin-5 in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"143","author":"Santamaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088398","article-title":"Differential induction of TLR3-dependent innate immune signaling by closely related parasite species","volume":"9","author":"Beiting","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701045","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii inactivates human plasmacytoid dendritic cells by functional mimicry of IL-10","volume":"200","author":"Pierog","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000576","article-title":"Phosphorylation of mouse immunity-related GTPase (IRG) resistance proteins is an evasion strategy for virulent Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"8","author":"Steinfeldt","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.11.005","article-title":"Phosphorylation of immunity-related GTPases by a Toxoplasma gondii-secreted kinase promotes macrophage survival and virulence","volume":"8","author":"Fentress","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002236","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry kinase ROP16 activates STAT3 and STAT6 resulting in cytokine inhibition and arginase-1-dependent growth control","volume":"7","author":"Butcher","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-0279","article-title":"Inhibition of p-STAT3 enhances IFN-alpha efficacy against metastatic melanoma in a murine model","volume":"16","author":"Kong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1004128","article-title":"STAT3 negatively regulates type I IFN-mediated antiviral response","volume":"187","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.112359","article-title":"Toxoplasma rhoptry protein 16 (ROP16) subverts host function by direct tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6","volume":"285","author":"Ong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12141862","article-title":"ROP16 of Toxoplasma gondii Inhibits Innate Immunity by Triggering cGAS-STING Pathway Inactivity through the Polyubiquitination of STING","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.009172","article-title":"The GRA15 protein from Toxoplasma gondii enhances host defense responses by activating the interferon stimulator STING","volume":"294","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31720-7","article-title":"The intrinsically disordered protein TgIST from Toxoplasma gondii inhibits STAT1 signaling by blocking cofactor recruitment","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.2c00054","article-title":"Epigenetic modifiers alter host cell transcription to promote toxoplasma infection","volume":"8","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1428232\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:33:48Z","timestamp":1720413228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1428232\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1428232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1428232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"article-number":"1428232"}}