{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T23:43:19Z","timestamp":1771371799560,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21-AI146381, R35GM131842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21-AI146381, R35GM131842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tick-borne infections are increasing in the United States and around the world. The most common tick-borne disease in the United States is Lyme disease caused by infection with the spirochete <jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>), and pathogenesis varies from subclinical to severe. <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic> infection is transmitted by <jats:italic>Ixodes<\/jats:italic> ticks, which can carry multiple other microbial pathogens, including <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> species. To address how the simultaneous inoculation of a distinct pathogen impacted the course of <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>-induced disease, we used C57BL\/6 (B6) mice which are susceptible to <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic> infection but develop only mild joint pathology. While infection of B6 mice with <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic> alone resulted in minimal inflammatory responses, mice co-infected with both <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic> and the obligate intracellular pathogen <jats:italic>Ehrlichia muris<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Em<\/jats:italic>) displayed hematologic changes, inflammatory cytokine production, and emergency myelopoiesis similar to what was observed in mice infected only with <jats:italic>Em<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, infection of B6 mice with <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic> alone resulted in no detectable joint inflammation, whereas mice co-infected with both <jats:italic>Em<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic> exhibited significant inflammation of the ankle joint. Our findings support the concept that co-infection with <jats:italic>Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic> can exacerbate inflammation, resulting in more severe <jats:italic>Bb<\/jats:italic>-induced disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1430419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T05:05:05Z","timestamp":1724130305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of E. muris infection on B. burgdorferi\u2013induced joint pathology in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jesse L.","family":"Bonin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley 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