{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T20:08:57Z","timestamp":1778098137712,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purkinje cell cytoplasmic antibody type 2 (PCA-2), identified in 2000, targets the widely distributed microtubule-associated protein 1B in the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to diverse clinical phenotypes of neurological disorders. We report two cases of PCA-2-associated encephalitis, each presenting with distinct onset forms and clinical manifestations, thereby illustrating the phenotypic variability of PCA-2-related diseases. The first patient was diagnosed with PCA-2-associated autoimmune cerebellitis and undifferentiated small cell carcinoma with metastasis in mediastinal lymph nodes of unknown primary origin. The second patient was diagnosed with PCA-2-associated limbic encephalitis. Our findings underscore the superior sensitivity of positron emission tomography-computed tomography over brain magnetic resonance imaging in the early detection of PCA-2-associated encephalitis. Given the high risk of relapse and suboptimal response to traditional immunotherapy in PCA-2-related neurological disorders, this study highlights the need for a deeper understanding of their pathogenesis to develop more effective treatments to control symptoms and improve patient prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1431585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T04:45:42Z","timestamp":1720759542000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Case report: PCA-2-associated encephalitis with different clinical phenotypes: a two-case series and literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/(ISSN)1531-8249","article-title":"New Purkinje cell antibody (PCA-2): Marker of lung cancer-related neurological autoimmunity","volume":"47","author":"Vernino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24872","article-title":"Microtubule-associated protein 1 B: Novel paraneoplastic biomarker","volume":"81","author":"Gadoth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0358-9","article-title":"\u2018Medusa head ataxia\u2019: the expanding spectrum of Purkinje cell antibodies in autoimmune cerebellar ataxia. 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