{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:16:08Z","timestamp":1791407768333,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2023QH517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2023QH517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to assess the causal relationship between immune cell characteristics and malignant tumors of bone and articular cartilage, focusing on the mediating role of metabolites. Using Mendelian randomization, we evaluated these relationships based on genetic variations to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted using GWAS data for immune cell features and 1,400 metabolites to investigate direct and mediating effects. Effective instrumental variables (IVs) were selected, and statistical analyses\u2014including inverse variance weighting (IVW), weighted median, and mode-based methods\u2014were performed using R software. This approach enabled the assessment of direct causal relationships as well as the potential mediating role of metabolites in the association between immune cell features and malignancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant causal relationships were identified between 26 immune phenotypes and the risk of malignant tumors of bone and articular cartilage. Notably, the HLA DR+ NK cell phenotype SSC-A showed a positive correlation with the risk of these malignancies. Further analysis revealed causal relationships with 67 metabolites, 38 of which were positively correlated and 29 negatively correlated. Mediation analysis highlighted the role of immune surveillance and metabolic dysregulation in tumor development, as evidenced by the association between the immune phenotype SSC-A on HLA DR+ NK cells and the metabolite 5-hydroxyhexanoate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggest significant causal relationships between immune phenotypes and malignant tumors of bone and articular cartilage, with metabolites potentially mediating these relationships. These insights lay the groundwork for further research and could contribute to the development of new biomarkers and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1433219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T04:28:32Z","timestamp":1723177712000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The relationship between metabolite mediated immune regulatory imbalance and the occurrence of malignant tumors of bone and articular cartilage: a Mendelian randomization 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