{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:08:45Z","timestamp":1788865725634,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anticoccidial vaccines comprising living oocysts of <jats:italic>Eimeria tenella, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria maxima<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Eimeria acervulina<\/jats:italic> are used to control coccidiosis. This study explored the potential of IL-1\u03b2 to act as a molecular adjuvant for enhancing the immunogenicity of <jats:italic>Eimeria necatrix<\/jats:italic> and mucosal immunity. We engineered <jats:italic>E. necatrix<\/jats:italic> to express a functional chIL-1\u03b2 (EnIL-1\u03b2) and immunized chickens with oocysts of the wild type (EnWT) and tranegenic (EnIL-1\u03b2) strains, respectively. The chickens were then challenged with EnWT oocysts to examine the immunogenicity-enhancing potential of chIL-1\u03b2. As expected, the oocyst output of EnIL-1\u03b2-immunized chickens was significantly reduced compared to those immunized using EnWT. No difference in body weight gain and lesion scores of EnIL-1\u03b2 and EnWT groups was observed. The parasite load in the small intestine and caeca showed that the invasion and replication of EnIL-1\u03b2 was not affected. However, the markers of immunogenicity and mucosal barrier, Claudin-1 and avian \u03b2-defensin-1, were elevated in EnIL-1\u03b2-infected chickens. Ectopic expression of chIL-1\u03b2 in <jats:italic>E. necatrix<\/jats:italic> thus appears to improve its immunogenicity and mucosal immunity, without increasing pathogenicity. Our findings support chIL-1\u03b2 as a candidate for development of effective live-oocyst-based anticoccidial vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1435702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]],"date-time":"2024-08-16T04:25:37Z","timestamp":1723782337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Expression of IL-1\u03b2 in transgenic Eimeria necatrix enhances the immunogenicity of parasites and promotes mucosal immunity against coccidiosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chunhui","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tumalisi","family":"Abudureheman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Si","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxia","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyun","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina B.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratnesh Kumar","family":"Srivastav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishith","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.10.003","article-title":"Securing poultry production from the ever-present Eimeria challenge","volume":"30","author":"Blake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2019.01.002","article-title":"Stable transfection of Eimeria necatrix through nucleofection of second generation merozoites","volume":"228","author":"Duan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00533","article-title":"Transgenic Eimeria mitis expressing chicken interleukin 2 stimulated higher cellular immune response in chickens compared with the wild-type parasites","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1451-3","article-title":"Chicken IgY Fc expressed by Eimeria mitis enhances the immunogenicity of E. mitis","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284643","article-title":"Susceptibility differences to Cryptosporidium parvum infection in two strains of gamma interferon knockout mice","volume":"84","author":"Mead","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1232042","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review","volume":"110","author":"Maspi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005396","article-title":"The diverse role of NK cells in immunity to toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"12","author":"Gigley","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007265","article-title":"Exclusive dependence of IL-10Ralpha signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection","volume":"15","author":"Duque-Correa","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000699","article-title":"Inhibition of interleukin-10 signaling induces microbiota-dependent chronic colitis in apolipoprotein E deficient mice","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflammation Bowel Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15496","article-title":"IL-13 stimulates. 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