{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T14:02:02Z","timestamp":1780581722240,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vaccine-induced immunity against COVID-19 generates antibody and lymphocyte responses. However, variability in antibody titers has been observed after vaccination, and the determinants of a better response should be studied. The main objective of this investigation was to analyze the inflammatory biomarker response induced in healthcare workers vaccinated with BNT162b2, and its association with anti-Spike (a SARS-CoV-2 antigen) antibodies measured throughout a 1-year follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti-spike antibodies and 92 biomarkers were analyzed in serum, along with socio-demographic and clinical variables collected by interview or exploration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our study, four biomarkers (ADA, IL-17C, CCL25 and CD8\u03b1) increased their expression after the first vaccine dose; and 8 others (uPA, IL-18R1, EN-RAGE, CASP-8, MCP-2, TNF\u03b2, CD5 and CXCL10) decreased their expression. Age, body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, and prevalent diseases were associated with some of these biomarkers. Furthermore, higher baseline levels of T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were associated with lower mean antibody titers at follow-up, while levels of monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2) had a positive association with antibody levels. Age and BMI were positively related to baseline levels of MCP-2 (\u03b2=0.02, 95%CI 0.00-0.04, p=0.036) and HGF (\u03b2=0.03, 95%CI 0.00-0.06, p=0.039), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that primary BNT162b2 vaccination had a positive effect on the levels of several biomarkers related to T cell function, and a negative one on some others related to cancer or inflammatory processes. In addition, a higher level of MCP-2 and lower levels of HGF and CD6 were found to be associated with higher anti-Spike antibody titer following vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1447317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T04:47:17Z","timestamp":1724388437000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers and their association with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers in healthcare workers vaccinated with 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