{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:56:13Z","timestamp":1781880973077,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), 15-30% of people with HIV experience poor CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell recovery, termed immunologic non-responders (INR). This study aims to evaluate whether pre-ART plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10), macrophage inflammatory protein-1-\u03b2 (MIP-1\u03b2), and\/or pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) could predict subsequent immunologic recovery. Seventy-four participants were enrolled and classified as INR and immunologic responders (IR) based on CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> ratio increase over 24 months after starting ART. The results showed no significant differences in cytokine levels between INR and IR. Therefore, IL-6, IP-10, MIP-1\u03b2, and PTX-3 were unsuitable as predictive markers of poor immune recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1447926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T05:05:45Z","timestamp":1724907945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Plasma concentrations of IL-6, MIP-1\u03b2, IP-10, and PTX-3 as predictors of the immunological response to antiretroviral treatment in people with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Mej\u00edas-Trueba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Saborido-Alconchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Serna-Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Trujillo-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esperanza","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Muela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Llaves-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Roca-Oporto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Sotomayor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis F.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2009.00755.x","article-title":"Discordant responses on starting highly active antiretroviral therapy: suboptimal CD4 increases despite early viral suppression in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) Study","volume":"11","author":"Gilson","year":"2010","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2016.1106937","article-title":"Discordant responses to cART in HIV-1 patients in the era of high potency antiretroviral drugs: clinical evaluation, classification, management prospects","volume":"14","author":"Cenderello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205777","article-title":"Absolute CD4+ T cell count overstate immune recovery assessed by CD4+\/CD8+ ratio in HIV-infected patients on treatment","volume":"13","author":"Milanes-Guisado","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971920460","article-title":"Decrease in CD4 lymphocyte counts with rest; 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