{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:59:18Z","timestamp":1753891158307,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare central nervous system disease caused by JC virus (JCV) infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the greatest risk factor for PML. Other immunological diseases, including systemic sarcoidosis, have also been reported as risk factors for PML. Herein, we report a case of PML co-occurring with neurosarcoidosis. Early diagnosis using brain biopsy and appropriate therapeutic interventions achieved favorable outcomes. PML in patients with active intracranial neurosarcoidosis is extremely rare. We believe that it is important to perform brain biopsy at an early stage to allow diagnosis, even for central nervous system involvement with a progressive parenchymal lesion in patients with sarcoidosis, if PML is possible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1447992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T04:21:56Z","timestamp":1728620516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case report: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy co-occurring with neurosarcoidosis: early brain biopsy and appropriate therapy for PML resulted in a favorable prognosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiannan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shintaro","family":"Tsuboguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kouichirou","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Tada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyoshi","family":"Kakita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Nakamichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Kanazawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Onodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70040-5","article-title":"Progressive 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treatment","volume":"269","author":"Nwebube","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13975","article-title":"The cerebrospinal fluid CD 4\/CD 8 ratio and interleukin-6 and-10 levels in neurosarcoidosis: a multicenter, pragmatic, comparative study","volume":"26","author":"Chazal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-020-00482-w","article-title":"A case report of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy during steroid treatment for ANCA-associated renal vasculitis","volume":"9","author":"Tawara","year":"2020","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2024.123150","article-title":"Indications for a brain biopsy in neurological diseases of unknown etiology: The role of magnetic resonance imaging findings and liquid biopsy in yielding definitive pathological diagnoses","volume":"463","author":"Kizaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab292","article-title":"Treating sarcoidosis-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with infliximab","volume":"4","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.164","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and other forms of JC virus disease","volume":"6","author":"Brew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in 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