{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T10:27:07Z","timestamp":1789900027258,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helminth infections are a major public health problem as they can cause long-term chronic infections in their hosts for which there is no effective vaccine. During the long-term interaction between helminths and their hosts, helminth-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can participate in host immunomodulatory processes by secreting bioactive molecules (BMAs). Growing data suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) in helminth EVs have a significant impact on the host\u2019s immune system. The let-7 family is highly conserved among helminth EVs and highly homologous in the host, and its function in host\u2013parasite crosstalk may reflect active selection for compatibility with the host miRNA machinery. In-depth studies targeting this aspect may better elucidate the mechanism of parasite-host interactions. Hence, this review summarizes the current studies on the cross-species involvement of helminth EV-derived let-7 in host immune regulation and discusses the barriers to related research and potential applications of helminth EVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1449495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T10:38:32Z","timestamp":1730111912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Roles of helminth extracellular vesicle-derived let-7 in host\u2013parasite crosstalk"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haoran","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiquan","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2023.02.001","article-title":"Food- and vector-borne parasitic zoonoses: global burden and impacts","volume":"120","author":"Anisuzzaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.03.005","article-title":"The global state of helminth control and elimination in children","volume":"64","author":"Weatherhead","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Clinics North America"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.S332378","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance and its mechanism: A review","volume":"14","author":"Fissiha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infection Drug resistance"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2023.106874","article-title":"Praziquantel promotes protection against schistosoma japonicum infection in mice","volume":"241","author":"Shao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2022.11.002","article-title":"In vivo efficiency of praziquantel treatment of single-sex schistosoma japonicum aged three months old in mice","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2022.108230","article-title":"Using feeding and motility patterns for ivermectin resistance detecting in haemonchus contortus larvae","volume":"238","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13010030","article-title":"An epidemiological investigation and drug-resistant strain isolation of nematodirus oiratianus in sheep in inner Mongolia, China","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.619776","article-title":"Schistosome infection and schistosome-derived products as modulators for the prevention and alleviation of immunological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.708952","article-title":"Parasitic helminth-derived micrornas and extracellular vesicle cargos as biomarkers for helminthic infections","volume":"11","author":"Mu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell infection Microbiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000088880","article-title":"Proteases in helminth- and allergen- induced inflammatory responses","volume":"90","author":"Donnelly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem Immunol Allergy"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2009.04.008","article-title":"Helminth immunoregulation: the role of parasite secreted proteins in modulating host immunity","volume":"167","author":"Hewitson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.02.011","article-title":"Host-parasite interactions mediated by cross-species micrornas","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2023.12.003","article-title":"The knowns and unknowns of helminth\u2013host mirna cross-kingdom communication","volume":"40","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20120217","article-title":"Microvesicles and exosomes as vehicles between protozoan and host cell communication","volume":"41","author":"Deolindo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"van Niel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5488","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6488","article-title":"Exosomes secreted by nematode parasites transfer small rnas to mammalian cells and modulate innate immunity","volume":"5","author":"Buck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.925386","article-title":"Multifunctional roles of micrornas in schistosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"Micrornas: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","article-title":"Micrornas: target recognition and regulatory functions","volume":"136","author":"Bartel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02707","article-title":"Mirna-seq of echinococcus multilocularis extracellular vesicles and immunomodulatory effects of mir-4989","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104528","article-title":"Ev-transported micrornas of schistosoma mansoni and fasciola hepatica: potential targets in definitive hosts","volume":"85","author":"Ovchinnikov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection Genet evolution: J Mol Epidemiol evolutionary Genet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.7.19.6778","article-title":"The let-7 microrna interfaces extensively with the translation machinery to regulate cell differentiation","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35002607","article-title":"The 21-nucleotide let-7 rna regulates developmental timing in caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"403","author":"Reinhart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012153","article-title":"Sja-let-7 suppresses the development of liver fibrosis via schistosoma japonicum extracellular vesicles","volume":"20","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2023.110690","article-title":"Global profiling of mirna and protein expression patterns in rabbit peritoneal macrophages treated with exosomes derived from taenia pisiformis cysticercus","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102206118","article-title":"Csi-let-7a-5p delivered by extracellular vesicles from a liver fluke activates M1-like macrophages and exacerbates biliary injuries","volume":"118","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071403","article-title":"Exosomal microrna let-7-5p from taenia pisiformis cysticercus prompted macrophage to M2 polarization through inhibiting the expression of C\/ebp delta","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl243","article-title":"Rnahybrid: microrna target prediction easy, fast and flexible","volume":"34","author":"Kr\u00fcger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00023","article-title":"Common features of microrna target prediction tools","volume":"5","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.812141","article-title":"Role of fasciola hepatica small rnas in the interaction with the mammalian host","volume":"11","author":"Fontenla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell infection Microbiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25885","article-title":"Molecular characterization of S. Japonicum exosome-like vesicles reveals their regulatory roles in parasite-host interactions","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.63","article-title":"Risk biomarkers for assessment and chemoprevention of liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Yongvanit","year":"2014","journal-title":"J hepato-biliary-pancreatic Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182018000914","article-title":"Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, incidence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures","volume":"145","author":"Mas-Coma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.05.004","article-title":"Schistosome biology and proteomics: progress and challenges","volume":"117","author":"van Hellemond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008618","article-title":"Proteomic and deep sequencing analysis of extracellular vesicles isolated from adult male and female schistosoma japonicum","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1845-2","article-title":"Release of extracellular vesicles containing small rnas from the eggs of schistosoma japonicum","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1785738","article-title":"Sja-mir-71a in schistosome egg-derived extracellular vesicles suppresses liver fibrosis caused by schistosomiasis via targeting semaphorin 4d","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3282ef579e","article-title":"Intestinal cestodes","volume":"20","author":"Craig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.05.003","article-title":"Cestode parasites release extracellular vesicles with micrornas and immunodiagnostic protein cargo","volume":"47","author":"Ancarola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04186-z","article-title":"Characterization of exosome-like vesicles derived from taenia pisiformis cysticercus and their immunoregulatory role on macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00075-18","article-title":"Echinococcosis: advances in the 21st century","volume":"32","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3866","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and management of echinococcosis","volume":"344","author":"McManus","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ (Clinical Res ed)"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00316","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of non-coding rna profiles of exosome-like vesicles from the protoscoleces and hydatid cyst fluid of echinococcus granulosus","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell infection Microbiol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.04.013","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing technologies for helminth diagnostics and surveillance in ruminants: shifting diagnostic barriers","volume":"40","author":"Antonopoulos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32160","article-title":"A molecular evolutionary framework for the phylum nematoda","volume":"392","author":"Blaxter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636751","article-title":"Expansion and activation of cd4(+)Cd25(+) regulatory T cells in heligmosomoides polygyrus infection","volume":"37","author":"Finney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13050919","article-title":"Transcriptomics and proteomics of haemonchus contortus in response to ivermectin treatment","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05274-y","article-title":"Comparative analysis on transcriptomics of ivermectin resistant and susceptible strains of haemonchus contortus","volume":"15","author":"Tuersong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1578116","article-title":"Exploration of extracellular vesicles from ascaris suum provides evidence of parasite-host cross talk","volume":"8","author":"Hansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008884","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles released from the filarial parasite brugia malayi downregulate the host mtor pathway","volume":"15","author":"Ricciardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0020-7519(99)00048-x","article-title":"Parasitic helminths of the pig: factors influencing transmission and infection levels","volume":"29","author":"Nansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.02.012","article-title":"Surface analysis of dicrocoelium dendriticum. The molecular characterization of exosomes reveals the presence of mirnas","volume":"105","author":"Bernal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Proteomics"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974332","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from trichinella spiralis larvae promote the polarization of macrophages to M2b type and inhibit the activation of fibroblasts","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2023.102742","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from spirometra erinaceieuropaei plerocercoids inhibit activation of murine macrophage raw264.7 cells","volume":"95","author":"Kondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.28665","article-title":"Protein and small non-coding rna-enriched extracellular vesicles are released by the pathogenic blood fluke schistosoma mansoni","volume":"4","author":"Nowacki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000254","article-title":"Systematically improved in vitro culture conditions reveal new insights into the reproductive biology of the human parasite schistosoma mansoni","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Biol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06191-y","article-title":"An improved medium for in vitro studies of female reproduction and oviposition in schistosoma japonicum","volume":"17","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.860807","article-title":"A novel mirna from egg-derived exosomes of schistosoma japonicum promotes liver fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2878557","article-title":"Exosome-derived circ_0094343 promotes chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by regulating glycolysis via the mir-766-5p\/trim67 axis","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contrast Media Mol Imaging"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145686","article-title":"Isolation of exosomes from blood plasma: qualitative and quantitative comparison of ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography methods","volume":"10","author":"Baranyai","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8545347","article-title":"Isolation of extracellular vesicles: general methodologies and latest trends","volume":"2018","author":"Konoshenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12298","article-title":"Special considerations for studies of extracellular vesicles from parasitic helminths: A community-led roadmap to increase rigour and reproducibility","volume":"12","author":"White","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Extracellular Vesicles"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12121465","article-title":"Sja-let-7 attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in a mouse model via col1\u03b12","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007817","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum extracellular vesicle mirna cargo regulates host macrophage functions facilitating parasitism","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS Pathog"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1449495\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T10:38:37Z","timestamp":1730111917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1449495\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1449495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1449495","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"article-number":"1449495"}}