{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T01:43:22Z","timestamp":1784771002706,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1122384, 1122395, 1079586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1122384, 1122395, 1079586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["mRNA Victoria 20220626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["mRNA Victoria 20220626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000971","name":"Diabetes Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Y20G-CHOM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y20G-CHOM"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000971","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-19-1-0728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-19-1-0728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>T cells express an enormous repertoire of T cell receptors, enabling them to recognize any potential antigen. This large repertoire undergoes stringent selections in the thymus, where receptors that react to self- or non-danger-associated- antigens are purged. We know that thymic tolerance depends on signals and antigens presented by the thymic antigen presenting cells, but we still do not understand precisely how many of these cells actually contribute to tolerance. This is especially true for thymic dendritic cells (DC), which are composed of diverse subpopulations that are derived from different progenitors. Although the importance of thymic DCs has long been known, the functions of specific DC subsets have been difficult to untangle. There remains insufficient systematic characterization of the ontogeny and phenotype of thymic APCs in general. As a result, validated experimental models for studying thymic DCs are limited. Recent technological advancement, such as multi-omics analyses, has enabled new insights into thymic DC biology. These recent findings indicate a need to re-evaluate the current tools used to study the function of these cells within the thymus. This review will discuss how thymic DC subpopulations can be defined, the models that have been used to assess functions in the thymus, and models developed for other settings that can be potentially used for studying thymic DCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1451974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T04:30:31Z","timestamp":1722918631000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluating in vivo approaches for studying the roles of thymic DCs in T cell development in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark M. W.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/309322a0","article-title":"Somatic recombination in a murine T-cell receptor gene","volume":"309","author":"Chien","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3667","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: what thymocytes see (and don\u2019t see)","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90169-4","article-title":"T cell receptor antagonist peptides induce positive selection","volume":"76","author":"Hogquist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1085","article-title":"Negative selection\u2013clearing out the bad apples from the T-cell repertoire","volume":"3","author":"Palmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.26","article-title":"T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-023-01469-2","article-title":"How autoreactive thymocytes differentiate into regulatory versus effector CD4(+) T cells after avoiding clonal deletion","volume":"24","author":"Tai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885280","article-title":"Thymic microenvironment: interactions between innate immune cells and developing thymocytes","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0810268105","article-title":"Dendritic cells in the thymus contribute to T-regulatory cell induction","volume":"105","author":"Proietto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(85)90291-6","article-title":"Ia-positive macrophages bind and internalize viable lymphocytes in murine thymus","volume":"95","author":"Epstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-1895-1","article-title":"The development and function of thymic B cells","volume":"72","author":"Perera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1313001110","article-title":"Autoreactive thymic B cells are efficient antigen-presenting cells of cognate self-antigens for T cell negative selection","volume":"110","author":"Perera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.011","article-title":"Self-antigen-driven thymic B cell class switching promotes T cell central tolerance","volume":"17","author":"Perera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-286393","article-title":"Aire regulates the transfer of antigen from mTECs to dendritic cells for induction of thymic tolerance","volume":"118","author":"Hubert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75148.sa2","article-title":"Thymic macrophages consist of two populations with distinct localization and origin","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082394","article-title":"Constitutive ablation of dendritic cells breaks self-tolerance of CD4 T cells and results in spontaneous fatal autoimmunity","volume":"206","author":"Ohnmacht","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.01.025","article-title":"Dendritic cells coordinate the development and homeostasis of organ-specific regulatory T cells","volume":"44","author":"Leventhal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700768","article-title":"CD40 mediates maturation of thymic dendritic cells driven by self-reactive CD4(+) thymocytes and supports development of natural regulatory T cells","volume":"200","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.08.002","article-title":"Medullary thymic epithelial cells and CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells coordinately regulate central tolerance but CD8alpha(+) cells are dispensable for thymic regulatory T cell production","volume":"75","author":"Herbin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202798","article-title":"Critical roles of a dendritic cell subset expressing a chemokine receptor, XCR1","volume":"190","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201171","article-title":"Cutting edge: Clec9A+ dendritic cells mediate the development of experimental cerebral malaria","volume":"189","author":"Piva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03531-1","article-title":"Thymic development of gut-microbiota-specific T cells","volume":"594","author":"Zegarra-Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501870","article-title":"IRF4 and IRF8 act in CD11c+ Cells to regulate terminal differentiation of lung tissue dendritic cells","volume":"196","author":"Bajana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.011","article-title":"IRF4 transcription factor-dependent CD11b+ dendritic cells in human and mouse control mucosal IL-17 cytokine responses","volume":"38","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.03.009","article-title":"IRF4 transcription-factor-dependent CD103(+)CD11b(+) dendritic cells drive mucosal T helper 17 cell differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Persson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611408114","article-title":"Transcription factor Zeb2 regulates commitment to plasmacytoid dendritic cell and monocyte fate","volume":"113","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04866-z","article-title":"Ablation of cDC2 development by triple mutations within the Zeb2 enhancer","volume":"607","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01218-x","article-title":"Type 2 cytokines in the thymus activate Sirpalpha(+) dendritic cells to promote clonal deletion","volume":"23","author":"Breed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.08.013","article-title":"Notch2 receptor signaling controls functional differentiation of dendritic cells in the spleen and intestine","volume":"35","author":"Lewis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.017","article-title":"Klf4 expression in conventional dendritic cells is required for T helper 2 cell responses","volume":"42","author":"Tussiwand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1910412116","article-title":"Myeloid cells activate iNKT cells to produce IL-4 in the thymic medulla","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1915047117","article-title":"Intestinal microbes influence development of thymic lymphocytes in early life","volume":"117","author":"Ennamorati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102327","article-title":"Aire-dependent production of XCL1 mediates medullary accumulation of thymic dendritic cells and contributes to regulatory T cell development","volume":"208","author":"Lei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900438","article-title":"Crucial contribution of thymic Sirp alpha+ conventional dendritic cells to central tolerance against blood-borne antigens in a CCR2-dependent manner","volume":"183","author":"Baba","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.017","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells transport peripheral antigens to the thymus to promote central tolerance","volume":"36","author":"Hadeiba","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90795","article-title":"Diphtheria toxin receptor-mediated conditional and targeted cell ablation in transgenic mice","volume":"19","author":"Saito","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/145.1.94","article-title":"Diphtheria toxin and related proteins: effect of route of injection on toxicity and the determination of cytotoxicity for various cultured cells","volume":"145","author":"Pappenheimer","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.007","article-title":"Distinct contributions of Aire and antigen-presenting-cell subsets to the generation of self-tolerance in the thymus","volume":"41","author":"Perry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120030","article-title":"Zbtb46 expression distinguishes classical dendritic cells and their committed progenitors from other immune lineages","volume":"209","author":"Satpathy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112675","article-title":"Expression of the zinc finger transcription factor zDC (Zbtb46, Btbd4) defines the classical dendritic cell lineage","volume":"209","author":"Meredith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2005.05.001","article-title":"Heterogeneity of thymic dendritic cells","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3200","article-title":"Identification of cDC1- and cDC2-committed DC progenitors reveals early lineage priming at the common DC progenitor stage in the bone marrow","volume":"16","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.01.017","article-title":"Monocyte-derived dendritic cells formed at the infection site control the induction of protective T helper 1 responses against Leishmania","volume":"26","author":"Leon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.016","article-title":"Conventional and monocyte-derived CD11b(+) dendritic cells initiate and maintain T helper 2 cell-mediated immunity to house dust mite allergen","volume":"38","author":"Plantinga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.12.001","article-title":"The Heterogeneity of Ly6C(hi) Monocytes Controls Their Differentiation into iNOS(+) Macrophages or Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells","volume":"45","author":"Menezes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16081-3","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling in thymic epithelium controls monocyte-derived dendritic cell recruitment and Treg generation","volume":"11","author":"Voboril","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11809","article-title":"Microbiota restricts trafficking of bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes by CX(3)CR1(hi) cells","volume":"494","author":"Diehl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26446-x","article-title":"Specialized transendothelial dendritic cells mediate thymic T-cell selection against blood-borne macromolecules","volume":"12","author":"Vollmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.07.001","article-title":"Dendritic cell type 3 arises from Ly6C(+) monocyte-dendritic cell progenitors","volume":"56","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.035","article-title":"Transcriptional basis of mouse and human dendritic cell heterogeneity","volume":"179","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14793.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding dendritic cell development, classification, and phenotype","volume":"7","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164206","article-title":"Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity","volume":"322","author":"Hildner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81348-3","article-title":"Immunodeficiency and chronic myelogenous leukemia-like syndrome in mice with a targeted mutation of the ICSBP gene","volume":"87","author":"Holtschke","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.006","article-title":"IRF8 deficiency induces the transcriptional, functional, and epigenetic reprogramming of cDC1 into the cDC2 lineage","volume":"55","author":"Lanca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-008-8032-2","article-title":"Differential expression of IRF8 in subsets of macrophages and dendritic cells and effects of IRF8 deficiency on splenic B cell and macrophage compartments","volume":"45","author":"Qi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.06.003","article-title":"Intestinal CD103+ dendritic cells: master regulators of tolerance","volume":"32","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202149548","article-title":"Classical DC2 subsets and monocyte-derived DC: Delineating the developmental and functional relationship","volume":"53","author":"Backer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151715","article-title":"The transcription factor Zeb2 regulates development of conventional and plasmacytoid DCs by repressing Id2","volume":"213","author":"Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.029","article-title":"CD301b(+) dermal dendritic cells drive T helper 2 cell-mediated immunity","volume":"39","author":"Kumamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.11.020","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cell ablation impacts early interferon responses and antiviral NK and CD8(+) T cell accrual","volume":"33","author":"Swiecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/embj.201488027","article-title":"Dendritic cell maturation: functional specialization through signaling specificity and transcriptional programming","volume":"33","author":"Dalod","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1385","article-title":"Clonal deletion of thymocytes by circulating dendritic cells homing to the thymus","volume":"7","author":"Bonasio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.07.019","article-title":"Broad and largely concordant molecular changes characterize tolerogenic and immunogenic dendritic cell maturation in thymus and periphery","volume":"45","author":"Ardouin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00619-5","article-title":"Circulating mature dendritic cells homing to the thymus promote thymic epithelial cells involution via the Jagged1\/Notch3 axis","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1997.tb02714.x","article-title":"Intrathymic maturation of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in an MHC class II deficient transplant model","volume":"49","author":"Huss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201141728","article-title":"The earliest intrathymic precursors of CD8alpha(+) thymic dendritic cells correspond to myeloid-type double-negative 1c cells","volume":"41","author":"Luche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.v8i22","article-title":"Unique properties of thymic antigen-presenting cells promote epigenetic imprinting of alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells","volume":"8","author":"Garg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.559","article-title":"The thymic microenvironment gradually modulates the phenotype of thymus-homing peripheral conventional dendritic cells","volume":"10","author":"Herppich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082232","article-title":"Thymus-homing peripheral dendritic cells constitute two of the three major subsets of dendritic cells in the steady-state thymus","volume":"206","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.7.3514","article-title":"Two developmentally distinct populations of dendritic cells inhabit the adult mouse thymus: demonstration by differential importation of hematogenous precursors under steady state conditions","volume":"170","author":"Donskoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ade0182","article-title":"Single-cell immune profiling reveals thymus-seeding populations, T cell commitment, and multilineage development in the human thymus","volume":"7","author":"Cordes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.019","article-title":"Integrated scRNA-seq identifies human postnatal thymus seeding progenitors and regulatory dynamics of differentiating immature thymocytes","volume":"52","author":"Lavaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-018-0005-3","article-title":"Chemokine and chemotactic signals in dendritic cell migration","volume":"15","author":"Tiberio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800348","article-title":"Formation of the intrathymic dendritic cell pool requires CCL21-mediated recruitment of CCR7(+) progenitors to the thymus","volume":"201","author":"Cosway","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041154","article-title":"Novel process of intrathymic tumor-immune tolerance through CCR2-mediated recruitment of Sirpalpha+ dendritic cells: a murine model","volume":"7","author":"Baba","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041154","article-title":"CCR9 is a homing receptor for plasmacytoid dendritic cells to the small intestine","volume":"104","author":"Wendland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2011.10.014","article-title":"Characterization of CCR9 expression and thymus-expressed chemokine responsiveness of the murine thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph node","volume":"217","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.3.923","article-title":"Constitutive class I-restricted exogenous presentation of self antigens in vivo","volume":"184","author":"Kurts","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-202X.2004.22701.x","article-title":"Induction of GVHD-like skin disease by passively transferred CD8(+) T-cell receptor transgenic T cells into keratin 14-ovalbumin transgenic mice","volume":"123","author":"Shibaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1998.00709.x","article-title":"Defective TCR expression in transgenic mice constructed using cDNA-based alpha- and beta-chain genes under the control of heterologous regulatory elements","volume":"76","author":"Barnden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1451974\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T04:30:35Z","timestamp":1722918635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1451974\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1451974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1451974","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-3224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-3224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"article-number":"1451974"}}