{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T18:40:07Z","timestamp":1774291207516,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>Plant carbon black (PCB) is a new feed additive for zearalenone adsorption in China. However, information regarding whether PCB can effectively absorb deoxynivalenol (DON) is limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>To explore this research gap, the present study examined the adsorption effectiveness of DON by PCB using a phosphate buffer, artificial gastric juice, and artificial intestinal juice. In a 21-day in vivo<\/jats:italic> trial, 48 male piglets were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: (1) uncontaminated basal diet (CTR), (2) basal diet supplemented with 1 mg\/kg PCB(PCB), (3) 2.3 mg\/kg DON-contaminated diet (DON), and (4) 2.3 mg\/kg DON-contaminated diet supplemented with 0.1% PCB (DON+PCB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>When DON concentration was 1 \u00b5g\/mL, the adsorption rate of PCB on DON in phosphate buffer systems (pH 2.0 and 6.0) and the artificial gastric and intestinal juices were 100%, 100%, 71.46%, and 77.20%, respectively. In the in vivo<\/jats:italic> trial, the DON group significantly increased the DON+deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) content in serum as well as the inflammation cytokine proteins (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1) and mRNA expression of interleukin-6 and longchain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 in the jejunum and ileum. It decreased the villus height, goblet cells, mucosal thickness, and mRNA expression of Claudin-1 compared to the CTR group. In addition, DON decreased the Shannon and Simpson indices; reduced the relative abundances of Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>, Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>, Candidatus_Saccharimonas<\/jats:italic>, and Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>; and increased the relative abundances of Terrisporobacter<\/jats:italic> and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1<\/jats:italic> in the cecal content.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>In conclusion, these results suggest that PCB showed high adsorption efficacy on DON in vitro<\/jats:italic>, and exhibit the protective effects against various intestinal toxicity manifestations in DON-challenged piglets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1454530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T04:48:41Z","timestamp":1725857321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mitigation effects of plant carbon black on intestinal 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