{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:23:46Z","timestamp":1785147826279,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Immunol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysregulation, vascular damage, and fibrosis. B cells play a significant role in SSc through autoantibody production, cytokine secretion, and T cell regulation. Autoantibodies like anti-topoisomerase I and anti-RNA polymerase III are specific to SSc and linked to clinical features such as skin and lung involvement. B cell depletion therapies, particularly anti-CD20 antibodies like rituximab, have shown benefits in treating SSc, improving skin and lung disease symptoms. However, CD19, another B cell marker, is more widely expressed and has emerged as a promising target in autoimmune diseases. CD19-targeted therapies, such as CAR T cells and Uplizna<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (inebilizumab), have demonstrated potential in treating refractory autoimmune diseases, including SSc. Uplizna<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> offers advantages over rituximab by targeting a broader range of B cells and showing higher efficacy in specific patient subsets. Clinical trials currently investigate Uplizna<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\u2019s effectiveness in SSc, particularly in severe cases. While these therapies offer hope, long-term safety and efficacy remain unknown. SSc is still a complex disease, but advancing B cell-targeted treatments could significantly improve patient outcomes and knowledge about the pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1454913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T04:25:07Z","timestamp":1727929507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["CD19: a promising target for systemic sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Komura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(75)90017-7","article-title":"Pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: A vascular hypothesis","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"1975","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheu"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939908994064","article-title":"Autoimmunity and vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc)","volume":"31","author":"Kahalefp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.04.013","article-title":"B cells in systemic sclerosis: a possible target for therapy","volume":"10","author":"Bosello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"59","article-title":"Polyclonal B lymphocyte activation in progressive systemic sclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Famularo","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20274","article-title":"Altered blood B lymphocyte homeostasis in systemic sclerosis: Expanded naive B cells and diminished but activated memory B cells","volume":"50","author":"Sato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.150061","article-title":"Autoantibodies against endothelin 1 type A receptor are strong predictors of digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Avouac","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24038","article-title":"Autoantibodies and microvascular damage are independent predictive factors for the progression of Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon to systemic sclerosis: A twenty-year prospective study of 586 patients, with validation of proposed criteria for early systemic sclerosis","volume-title":"Arthritis Rheum","author":"Koenig","year":"2008"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2009.00762.x","article-title":"Autoantibody profiles in systemic sclerosis: Predictive value for clinical evaluation and prognosis","volume":"37","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102515","article-title":"Diagnostic profiles for precision medicine in systemic sclerosis; 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